Other Events:

• AFN: 9HM1-H1
• _FSFTID: LZNZ-BL1
• _UID: 3AE09BCA2C0E534F800885120750A92DA766
• _UID: 65F8F12559F5BD47976B8FDF0635D2C002F0

Notes:

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 409.

Ancestry and Progentry of Captain James Blount - Immigrant, by Robert F. Pfafman, p E-32.

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 407

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as William

PREFIX: Also shown as Duke

AFN: Merged with a record that used the AFN 9HMB-97

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Aquitaine, France.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Abt 937/939

DEATH: Also shown as Died 03 Feb 993/995

Guillaume — de Blois, Dcs/Aquitaine Emma. Emma (daughter of Count Of Blois Thibaut and Capet, Luitgarde (Legarde)) was born Abt 939/943, of, Blois, , France; died Aft 27 Dec 1003. [Group Sheet]

Guillaume married Ermengarde 1089; divorced Yes, date unknown. Ermengarde was born Abt 1073. [Group Sheet]

Guillaume married De Toulouse, Cts/Aquitaine Maud 1094, France. Maud (daughter of Count Of Toulouse William IV and de Mortaigne, Emma) was born 1073, France; died 28 Nov 1117. [Group Sheet]

Guillaume married Hildegarde 1119. Hildegarde was born Abt 1073. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 9HMJ-5C
• _UID: B790E108AC47474C9350AA117937780F8BC6

Notes:

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 407

Guillaume married Countess of Bourgogne Agnes Mar 1018, France. Agnes (daughter of Lombard, King Of Lombard Otton I and de Roucy, Countess/Macon Hermentrude) was born Abt 995, of, Bourgogne, , France; died 1068. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XPZ-GR
• _FSFTID: LZNZ-B7Q
• _UID: 866807AA990D144B8263A5EC24ADE6794ABD
• _UID: C00699346E43564BB11494429FCE01FEEC20
• _UID: DB6C2FABCC85FF4DA0AD917FFBB3DBD57963

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

William X of Aquitaine (1099 - April 9, 1137), nicknamed the Saint was Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitiers as William VIII of Poitiers between 1126 and 1137. He was the son of William, the Troubador by his wife, Philippa of Toulouse.
William was born in Toulouse during the brief period when his parents ruled the capitol. Later that same year, much to his wife's ire, Duke William mortgaged Toulouse to Philippa's cousin, Bertrand of Toulouse, and then left on Crusade. Philippa and her infant son were left in Poitiers. When Duke William returned, he took up with Dangereuse, the wife of one of his vassals, and set aside his rightful wife, Philippa. This caused conflict between father and son, until William married married Ænor of Châtellerault, daughter of his father's mistress, in 1121. He had from her three children: William Aigret, who died young; the heiress Eleanor of Aquitaine; and Petronilla of Aquitaine, who married Raoul I of Vermandois. Both Ænor and William Aigret died in 1130.
As his father before him, William X was a patron of troubadors, music and literature. He was an educated man and strived to give his two daughters an excellent education, in a time when Europe's rulers where hardly literate. When Eleanor succeeded him as Duchess, she continued William's tradition and transformed the Aquitanian court in of Europe's centre of knowledge.
Despite his love of the arts, William was not a peaceful man, and was frequently involved in conflicts with the neighbouring Normandy (which he raided in 1136) and France. Even inside his borders, William faced an alliance of the Lusignans and the Parthenays against him, an issue resolved with total destruction of the enemies. In international politics, William X initially supported antipope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130, opposite to Pope Innocent II, against the will of his own bishops. In 1134 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux convinced William to drop his support to Anacletus and join Innocent.
In 1137 William joined the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, but died of food poisoning during the trip. On his deathbed, he expressed his wish to see king Louis VII of France as protector of his fifteen year old daughter Eleanor. Louis VII accepted this wish and married the heiress of Aquitaine.

SURNAME: Also shown as Aqutaine

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 301, 306,...

Ancestry and Progentry of Captain James Blount - Immigrant, by Robert F. Pfafman, p E-32.

SURNAME: Also shown as Aquitaine

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as William V Duke of

DEATH: Also shown as Died 19 Apr 1137

William married de Châtellerault, Aénor 1121, of, , , France. Aénor (daughter of De Rouchefoucauld, Aimery and Bochard, Dangereuse De L'isie-) was born Abt 1103, Chtellrault, Vienne, France; died Mar 1130, Talmont. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XPZ-RB
• _UID: FADDFBB98C0D7E41ACDB9A9D0A7D75D06D69

Notes:

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 303

Maud married King Of Aragon Ramiro II 1134. Ramiro was born Abt 1095/1105, of, Aragon, Spain; died 16 Aug 1147. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 9HM1-Q7
• _UID: 1894B67B3289124E97115789849F31AB7FEC

Agnes married Emperor of Germany Henry III 21 Nov 1043. Henry was born 28 Oct 1017; died 5 Oct 1056. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 9HM5-WM
• _UID: E90A45C22EC6C74C975D961A6FC7402944E5

Notes:

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 407

Ancestry and Progentry of Captain James Blount - Immigrant, by Robert F. Pfafman, p E-32.

William married de Bourgogne, Princess Of France Hildegarde (Aldegrade) 1068. Hildegarde (daughter of Capet, Duke/Bourgo Robert III and Semur, Ella Ermengarde (Helie)) was born Abt 1030, Burgundy, France; died Aft 1104. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ3-Q2
• Title of Nobility: Princess Of Aquitain
• Title of Nobility: Queen of England
• _FSFTID: L8WY-WKH
• _UID: 1561F7A48CA4D948B7ED1304E6C2BDE06264
• _UID: 404D2F2B202F374287B9C8ECB2B2023841EE

Notes:

Eleanor of Aquitaine (Bordeaux, France, "c"1122 - March 31, 1204 in Fontevrault, Anjou) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Europe during the Middle Ages. She was Queen of both France and England in her life.
[edit]
Biography
The eldest of three children, her father was William X, Duke of Aquitaine, and her mother was Aenor de Châtellerault, the daughter of Aimeric I, Vicomte of Chatellerault and a woman named Dangereuse. William and Aenor's marriage had been arranged by his father and her mother, as Dangereuse was the long-time mistress of William IX of Aquitaine, the Troubador. Eleanor was named after her mother and called Aliénor, which means other Aenor in the langue d'oc, but it became Eléanor in the northern langue d'oil and in English.
She was raised in one of Europe's most cultured courts, the birthplace of courtly love. She was highly educated for a woman of the time, and knew how to read, how to speak Latin, was well versed in music and literature, and enjoyed riding, hawking, and hunting. She became heiress to Aquitaine, the largest and richest of the provinces that would become modern France, when her brother, William Aigret, died as a baby.
Duke William X died on Good Friday in 1137 while on a pilgrimage to Spain. At about 15 years old, Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right and officially the most eligible heiress in Europe. These were the days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for attaining a title, so William wrote up a will on the very day he died instructing that his daughter marry Louis VII of France, the heir to the French throne. The marriage, on July 22, 1137, brought to France the area from the river Loire to the Pyrenees: most of what is today the southwest of France. However, there was a catch: the land would remain independent of France, and Eleanor's eldest son would be both King of France and Duke of Aquitaine. Thus, her holdings would not be merged with France until the next generation. She also gave him a wedding present that is still in existence, a rock crystal vase that is on display at the Louvre. Within a month of their marriage, Louis VI had died, and Eleanor became Queen of France.
Something of a free spirit, Eleanor was not much liked by the staid northerners (particularly, according to contemporary sources, her mother-in-law), who thought her flighty and a bad influence. Her conduct was repeatedly criticized by Church elders (particularly Bernard of Clairvaux and Abbot Suger) as indecorous. The King himself, on the other hand, had been madly in love with his beautiful and worldly wife and granted her every whim. Eleanor supported her sister Petronilla of Aquitaine when she illegally married Raoul of Vermandois; the incident started a war and caused conflict between Eleanor and Louis. She insisted on taking part in the Crusades as the feudal leader of the soldiers from her duchy. The story that she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians. However, her testimonial launch of the Second Crusade from Vézelay, the rumored location of Mary Magdalene's burial, dramatically emphasized the role of women in the campaign, with her, the Queen of France, as their leader.
The crusade itself was something of a disaster, both from a military viewpoint and in terms of the personal relationship of the royal couple. From a military standpoint, Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no concept of maintaining troop discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. The French army was betrayed by Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, who feared that their militaristic aims would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire. A particularly poor decision was to camp one night in a lush valley surrounded by tall peaks in hostile territory. Predictably, the Turks attacked and slaughtered as many as 7000 Crusaders. As this decision was made by Eleanor's servant, it was generally believed that it was really her directive. This did nothing for her popularity in Christendom.
Even before the crusade, Eleanor and Louis were becoming estranged, as vigor and piety clashed. Her Aquitiane family had won Antioch in the First Crusade, and it was ruled by her flamboyant uncle, Raymond of Antioch (rumored to be her lover). Clearly, she supported his desire to re-capture the nearby County of Edessa, the cause of the crusade. Louis was directed by the Church to visit Jerusalem instead. When Eleanor declared her intention to stand with Raymond and the Aquitaine forces, Louis had her brought out by force. Louis's long march to Jerusalem and back north debilitated his army, but Eleanor's imprisonment disheartened her Aquitaine knights, and the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces. For reasons unknown, likely the Germans' insistence on conquest, the crusade leaders targeted Damascus, an ally until the attack. Failing in this attempt, they retired to Jerusalem, and then home.
Perhaps some good came of this venture: while in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there that were the beginnings of what would become the field of admiralty law. She later introduced those conventions in her own lands, on the island of Oleron in 1160, and then into England. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands.
When they passed through Rome on the way to Paris, Pope Eugene III tried to reconcile Eleanor and Louis. Eleanor conceived their second daughter, Alix of France (their first was Marie de Champagne), but there was no saving the marriage. In 1152, it was annulled on the grounds of consanguinity. Her estates reverted to her and were no longer part of the French royal properties.
On May 18, 1152, six weeks after her annullment, Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Anjou, by whom she was pregnant with their son, William. She was about 6 years older than he, and related to him in the same degree as she had been to Louis. One of Eleanor's rumored lovers was Henry's own father, Geoffrey of Anjou, who, not surprisingly, advised him not to get involved with her. Over the next 13 years, she bore Henry four more sons and three daughters: Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joanna.
Despite her reputation (which all the historical evidence shows was probably deserved), Eleanor was incensed by Henry's philandering; their son, William, and Henry's son, Geoffrey, were born months apart.
Some time between 1168 and 1170, she instigated a separation, deciding to establish a new court in her own territory of Poitou. In Poitier, she reached the height of her powers creating the Court of Love. A small fragment of her codes and practices was written by Andreas Capellanus.
Henry concentrated on controlling his increasingly large empire, badgering Eleanor's subjects in attempts to control her patrimony of Aquitaine and her great court at Poitiers. Straining all civil bounds, Henry had Archbishop Thomas Becket murdered at the altar of the church in 1170. This aroused not only Eleanor's horror and contempt, but most of Europe's.
In 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by his father's enemies, the younger Henry launched the Revolt of 1173-1174, joined by Richard and Geoffrey, and supported by several powerful English barons, as well as Louis VII and William I of Scotland. When Eleanor tried to join them, she was intercepted. Henry, who put down the rebellion, imprisoned her for the next 15 years, much of the time in various locations in England. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower," the remains of a triangular castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons.
Henry lost his great love, Rosamund Clifford, in 1176. He had met her in 1166 and begun the liaison in 1173, supposedly contemplating divorce from Eleanor. When Rosamund died, rumours flew that Eleanor poisoned her, but there is no evidence to support this.
In 1183, Henry the Young tried again. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. Henry the Young wandered aimlessly through Aquitaine until he caught dysentery and died. The rebellion petered out.
Upon Henry's death in 1189, Eleanor helped her son Richard I to the throne, and he released her from prison. She ruled England as regent while Richard went off on the Third Crusade. She personally negotatied his ransom by going to Germany. She survived him and lived long enough to see her youngest son John on the throne.
Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey near her husband Henry and son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible. She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-More, and Chrétien de Troyes.

Or did she die 1 Apr 1204 or 26 Jun 1202?

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 301

!Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families by Michel L. Call, F.G.sheet # 299.

SURNAME: Also shown as Aquitaine

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Eleanore Princess Of

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Poitiers, Angevin Empire.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 1123

DEATH: Also shown as Died Poitiers, Angevin Empire.

DEATH: Also shown as Died 31 Mar 1204

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Fontevraud Abbey, Fontevraud.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: Elanor of De Aquitaine

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Death - Date: 28 Mar 1204 Place: Poitiers, Poitou, Aquitaine, France

Eleanor married Capet, King of France Louis VII 1137, , Bordeaux, , France; divorced Yes, date unknown. Louis (son of Capet, King Of France Louis VI and Maurienne, Adela) was born Abt 1121; died 18 Sep 1180, , Paris, Seine, France; was buried , Abbey Barbeaux, Melun, France. [Group Sheet]

Eleanor married Angevin, King of England Henry II 18 May 1152, Bordeaux, Gironde, France. Henry (son of Plantagenet, Count of Anjou Geoffrey V and De Normandie, Princess/England Matlda) was born 25 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Sarthe, France; died 6 Jul 1189, Chinon, Indre-et-Lr, France; was buried 8 Jul 1189, Abbey at, Fontevrault, Maine-et-loire, France. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 91M0-X5
• _UID: D5D79BA895DE8445B26849D32DF4E345AADE

Notes:

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 303

Petronille married Beranger, Raimond V (IV) 1151, Aragon, Spain. Raimond was born Abt 1120, of Barcelona, Spain; died 8 Aug 1162, , , Spain. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 9HM1-90
• _UID: 3D66C25B78170545A9AFB3ADFB2EE4DB39FE

Other Events:

• AFN: 9FTJ-D2
• _UID: ECBE52CEED11134297FF12316599B9BD6A5B

Heinrich — . Unknown [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 9HM1-H1
• _FSFTID: LZNZ-BL1
• _UID: 3AE09BCA2C0E534F800885120750A92DA766
• _UID: 65F8F12559F5BD47976B8FDF0635D2C002F0

Notes:

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 409.

Ancestry and Progentry of Captain James Blount - Immigrant, by Robert F. Pfafman, p E-32.

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 407

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as William

PREFIX: Also shown as Duke

AFN: Merged with a record that used the AFN 9HMB-97

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Aquitaine, France.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Abt 937/939

DEATH: Also shown as Died 03 Feb 993/995

Guillaume — de Blois, Dcs/Aquitaine Emma. Emma (daughter of Count Of Blois Thibaut and Capet, Luitgarde (Legarde)) was born Abt 939/943, of, Blois, , France; died Aft 27 Dec 1003. [Group Sheet]

Guillaume married Ermengarde 1089; divorced Yes, date unknown. Ermengarde was born Abt 1073. [Group Sheet]

Guillaume married De Toulouse, Cts/Aquitaine Maud 1094, France. Maud (daughter of Count Of Toulouse William IV and de Mortaigne, Emma) was born 1073, France; died 28 Nov 1117. [Group Sheet]

Guillaume married Hildegarde 1119. Hildegarde was born Abt 1073. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _UID: 6AED09EF4AF4DF478218BC2212DD6EDC64AE

Margaret — Angevin, King of England Henry. Henry (son of Angevin, King of England Henry II and De Aquitaine, Queen/England Eleanor) was born 28 Feb 1155, Bermandseypalace, London, Middlesex, England; died 11 Jun 1183, Mortel Castle, Turenne, Correze, France; was buried , , Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJB-Z7
• _UID: A24BB1C743DD7048B137AE178EAE36116D28

Marie married De Champagne, Count Of Champagne Henri I 1164, , , , France. Henri (son of de Blois, Count/Champagne Thibault IV / II and Countess of CHAMPAGNE Mahaud) was born 1127, of, CHAMPAGNE, , France; died 16 Mar 1181, , Troyes; was buried , St Etienne, , , France. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJC-0C
• _UID: CC2A1AD209E3844781BB315D9A5F1D57D052

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ3-R7
• _FSFTID: L8WB-92Y
• _UID: 042BA6527EF19541B323A7F9BC9A7AC27429
• _UID: EF19938FFF0E834C8C7049BF556F07592EF5
• Death: Abt Apr 1155/1156, Wallingford Cast, Wallingford, Berkshire, England

Notes:

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as William Prince of England

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Normandy, England.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: Prince William of England

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ3-SD
• _FSFTID: L8WB-M3G
• _UID: 5DC77DF21B9E174F999DC5AC074A4AF2E6E1
• _UID: D26242746679EF4FBAB0B138595F5D7CEB0B

Notes:

Henry the Young King (February 28, 1155-June 11, 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Henry was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers. He was also an older brother to Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine , Joan Plantagenet and John of England.
Fostered by Thomas à Becket, in June 1170 the fifteen-year-old Henry was crowned king during his father's lifetime, but he never actually ruled and is not counted among the monarchs of England. There is a story that at the banquet following his coronation, he was waited on by his father, who remarked what a rare honor it was to be waited on by a king; the younger Henry replied that it was only fitting for the son of a count to wait on the son of a king.
He is now known as "Henry the Young King" to distinguish him from his nephew Henry III of England. He broke with his father and allied with his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine and brothers in a civil war (1173-74) in which he tried to wrest the power of the crown from his father. When he died at the age of 28 of dysentery, during the middle of a second rebellion, his father is said to have exclaimed: "He cost me much, but I wish he had lived to cost me more."
The historian W. L. Warren said of him, "The Young Henry was the only one of his family who was popular in his own day. It was true that he was also the only one who gave no evidence of political sagacity, military skill, or even ordinary intelligence?", and elaborated in a later book, "He was gracious, benign, affable, courteous, the soul of liberality and generosity. Unfortunately he was also shallow, vain, careless, empty-headed, incompetent, improvident, and irresponsible."
Henry did not seem much interested in the day-to-day business of government, or in the subtleties of military tactics. Instead he spent much of his time at tournaments or meddling in the affairs of his brothers.
Henry the Young King was betrothed to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile, on November 2, 1160. They married on August 27, 1172. Her maternal grandparents were Alfonso VII of Castile and Berenguela of Barcelona. Berenguela was a daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona by his third wife Douce of Provence.
The only child of Henry and Marguerite was William, born prematurely on June 19, 1177, and dying on June 22 of the same year. This difficult delivery seems to have rendered her sterile, as she had no further children by Henry or her second husband. In 1182 Henry accused her of having a love affair with the famed knight William Marshal. Henry repudiated his wife and sent her back to France, and exiled Marshal from his court. Marshal offered to prove his innocence via trial by combat, but this offer was refused.
Henry the Young King died of dysentery in 1183, while in rebellion against his father. On his deathbed he reportedly asked to be reconciled to his father, but King Henry, fearing a trick, refused to see him. His brothers Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland both later became king.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Henry Prince of England

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Bermondsey.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Martel.

DEATH: Also shown as Died 11 Jun 1182/1183

Henry — Capet, Margaret. Margaret (daughter of Capet, King of France Louis VII and De Aquitaine, Queen/England Eleanor) died 1198. [Group Sheet]

Henry married Capet, Queen/Hungary Marguerite 2 Nov 1160, , Neubourg. Marguerite (daughter of Capet, King of France Louis VII and Castile, Queen/France Constance) was born 1158, of, Paris, Seine, France; died 1197, St Jean D'Acre, , Galilee, Palestine. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8WKQ-28
• Baptism: Aldgate, London, Middlesex, England
• _FSFTID: L8WB-MZF
• _UID: 2A00F13DE6BE4943AC6E0C83F24658A16232
• _UID: B217FC184E7528409A13EFE0CB27E1A6FD50
• _UID: DEAF7FED367FA648823988C3C16D5CD40092

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

PREFIX: Also shown as Princess Of England

BIRTH: Also shown as Born London, England.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Brunswick.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: Princess Matilda of England

Matilda married Welf, Prince Henry XII 1 Feb 1168, St Peter, Domkirche, Minden, Germany. Henry was born 1129, , Ravensburg, Donau, Wurttemburg; died 6 Aug 1195, , Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany; was buried , St Blasius, Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _FSFTID: L8WB-934
• _UID: 36EFE2EED3EDE44FAAC66BDE6DB3C4FA7F76

Notes:

Richard I (September 8, 1157 - April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart, Coeur de Lion. He was considered a hero in his day and has often been portrayed as one in works of literature.

The third of King Henry II's legitimate sons, Richard was never expected to accede to the throne. He was, however, the favourite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King and Matilda of England. He was also an older brother of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine , Joan Plantagenet and John of England.
Although born in Oxford, England, he soon came to know France as his home. When his parents effectively separated, he remained in Eleanor's care, and was invested with her duchy of Aquitaine in 1168, and of Poitiers in 1172. This was his consolation prize for the fact that his eldest surviving brother, Henry the Young King, was simultaneously crowned as his father's successor. Richard and his other brother, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, thus learned how to defend their property while still teenagers. As well as being an educated man, able to compose poetry in French and Provençal, Richard was also a magnificent physical specimen; blonde, blue-eyed, his height is estimated at six feet four inches (1.93 m) tall. He gloried in military activity. From an early age he appeared to have significant political and military abilities, became noted for his chivalry and courage, and soon was able to control the unruly nobles of his territory. As with all the true-born sons of Henry II, Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility.
In 1170, his elder brother Henry the Young King was crowned king of England as Henry III. Historians know him as Henry "the Young King" so as not to confuse him with the later king of this name who was his nephew.
In 1173, Richard joined his brothers, Henry and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, in a revolt against their father. They were planning to dethrone their father and leave the Young King as the only king of England. Henry II invaded Aquitaine twice. At the age of seventeen, Richard was the last of the brothers to hold out against Henry; though, in the end, he refused to fight him face to face and humbly begged his pardon. In 1174, after the end of the failed revolt, Richard gave a new oath of subservience to his father.
After his failure Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the dissatisfied nobles of Aquitaine, especially the territory of Gascony. The increasing cruelty of his reign led to a major revolt of Gascony in 1183. Richard had a terrible reputation, including reports of various rapes and murders. The rebels hoped to dethrone Richard and asked his brothers Henry and Geoffrey to help them succeed. Their father feared that the war between his three sons could lead to the destruction of his kingdom. He led the part of his army that served in his French territories in support of Richard. The Young King's death on June 11, 1183, ended the revolt, and Richard remained on his throne.
Young Henry's death left Richard as the eldest surviving son and the natural heir when the old King died. However, there was some uncertainty over King Henry's intentions. When Geoffrey also died, Richard was the only realistic possibility, his youngest brother, John, being too weak and inexperienced to be considered as an alternative. From the Young King's death Richard was considered -- though not officially proclaimed -- heir to the joint thrones of England, Normandy and Anjou. In 1188 Henry II planned to concede Aquitaine to his youngest son John Lackland, later King John of England. In opposition to his father's plans, Richard allied himself with King Philip II of France, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by his third wife, Adele of Champagne. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard promised to concede his rights to both Normandy and Anjou to Philip. Richard gave an oath of subservience to Philip in November of the same year. In 1189 Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father. They were victorious. Henry, with John's consent, agreed to name Richard his heir. On July 6, 1189 Henry II died in Chinon, and Richard I succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. He was officially crowned duke on July 20 and king in Westminster on September 3, 1189.
Richard had forbidden any Jews to make an appearance at his coronation, but some Jewish leaders showed up anyway to present gifts for the new king. According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers stripped and flogged the Jews, then flung them out of court. The people of London joined in to persecute the Jews, and a massacre began. Many Jews were beaten to death, robbed, and burnt alive. At least one was forcibly baptised. Some sought sanctuary in the Tower of London, and others managed to escape half-dead. Later, when Richard wrote of this incident, he called the massacre a "holocaustum".
Richard has been criticised for doing little for England, siphoning the kingdom's resources by appointing Jewish moneylenders to support his journeys away on Crusade in the Holy Land, indeed, he spent only six months of his ten year reign in England, claiming it was "cold and always raining." During the period when he was raising funds for his Crusade, Richard was heard to declare, "If I could have found a buyer I would have sold London itself."
Richard had one major reason for discontent with his father. Henry had appropriated Princess Alys (not the same Alix as Richard's half-sister), the daughter of the French king and Richard's betrothed, as his mistress. This made a marriage between Richard and Alys technically impossible - at least in the eyes of the church, but Henry, not wishing to cause a diplomatic incident, prevaricated and did not confess to his misdeed. As for Richard, he was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was Philip's sister.
Leaving the country in the hands of various officials he designated (including his mother, at times), Richard spent only a small fraction of his reign in England, being far more concerned with his possessions in what is now France and his battles in Palestine. He had grown up on the Continent, and had never seen any need to learn the English language. Soon after his accession to the throne, he decided to join the Third Crusade, inspired by the loss of Jerusalem to the "infidels" under the command of Saladin. Afraid that, during his absence, the French might usurp his territories, Richard tried to persuade Philip to join the Crusade as well. Philip agreed and both gave their crusader oaths on the same date.
Richard did not concern himself with the future of England. He wanted to engage in an adventure that would cause the troubadours to immortalise his name, as well as guaranteeing him a place in heaven. The evidence suggests that he had deep spiritual needs, and he swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise a new English crusader army, though most of his warriors were Normans, and supplied it with weapons. He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks. To raise even more money he sold official positions, rights, and lands to those interested in them. He finally succeeded in raising a huge army and navy. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind so that it would guard his French possessions, Richard finally started his expedition to the Holy Land in 1190. Richard appointed as regents Hugh, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mandeville, who soon died and was replaced by Richard's chancellor William Longchamp. Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William.
In September 1190 both Richard and Philip arrived in Sicily. In 1189 King William II of Sicily had died. His heir was his aunt Constance, later Queen Constance of Sicily, who was married to Emperor Henry VI. But immediately after William's death, William's cousin, Tancred, rebelled, seized control of the island and was crowned early in 1190 as King Tancred I of Sicily. He was favored by the people and the pope but had problems with the island's nobles. Richard's arrival caused even more problems. Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited according to William's will. Richard demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance. Meanwhile the presence of two foreign armies caused unrest among the people. In October, the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard attacked Messina and captured it on October 4, 1190. After looting and burning the city Richard established his base in it. He remained there until March 1191 when Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty. The treaty was signed during the same month by Richard, Philip and Tancred. According to the treaty's main terms:
" Joan was to be released, receiving her inheritance along with the dowry her father had given to the deceased William.
" Richard and Philip recognized Tancred as legal King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace between all three of their kingdoms.
" Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, the son of Geoffrey, Arthur of Brittany, as his heir, and Tancred promised to later marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was only four years old at the time).
After signing the treaty Richard and Philip left Sicily. The treaty undermined England's relationships with the Holy Roman Empire and caused the revolt of Richard's brother John, who hoped to be proclaimed heir instead of their nephew. Although his revolt failed, John continued to scheme against his brother after this point.
During April Richard stopped on the Byzantine island of Rhodes to avoid the stormy weather. He left in May but a new storm drove Richard's fleet to Cyprus. On May 6, 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Lemesos (now Limassol). Richard captured the city. When the island's despot Isaac Dukas Comnenus arrived to stop the Crusaders he discovered he was too late, and retired to Kolossi. Richard called Isaac to negotiations but Isaac broke his oath of hospitality and started demanding Richard's departure. Richard ordered his cavalry to follow him in a battle against Isaac's army in Tremetusia. The few Roman Catholics of the island joined Richard's army and so did the island's nobles who were dissatisfied with Isaac's seven years of tyrannical rule. Though Isaac and his men fought bravely, Richard's army was bigger and better equipped, assuring his victory. Isaac continued to resist from the castles of Pentadactylos but after the siege of his castle of Kantaras he finally surrendered. Richard became the new ruler of Cyprus.
Richard looted the island and massacred those trying to resist him. Meanwhile, Richard was finally able to marry the woman to whom he was engaged, who had been brought by his mother to join him on the crusade route. His marriage to Princess Berengaria of Navarre, first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre, was held in Limassol on May 12, 1191. It was attended by his sister Joan, whom Richard had brought from Sicily. There were no children from the marriage; opinions vary as to whether it was ever a love match. The unfortunate Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and did not see England until after his death.
Richard and most of his army left Cyprus for the Holy Land early in June. In his absence Cyprus would be governed by Richard Kamvill. King Richard arrived at Acre in June 1191, in time to relieve the siege of the city by Saladin. Deserted by Philip and having fallen out with Duke Leopold V of Austria, he suddenly found himself without allies.
Richard's tactics ensured success at the siege of Acre and on the subsequent march south, Saladin's men being unable to harass the Crusader army into an impulsive action which might not have gone their way. However, the desertion of the French king had been a major blow, from which they could not hope to recover. Realising that he had no hope of holding Jerusalem even if he took it, Richard sadly ordered a retreat. Despite being only a few miles from the city, he refused, thereafter, to set eyes on it, since God had ordained that he should not be the one to conquer it. He had finally realised that his return home could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence to make themselves more powerful.
Having planned to leave Conrad of Montferrat as "King" of Jerusalem and Cyprus in the hands of his own protégé, Guy of Lusignan, Richard was dealt another blow when Conrad was assassinated before he could be crowned. His replacement was Richard's own nephew, Henry I of Champagne.
On his return to Europe, shortly before Christmas 1192, Richard was captured only a few miles from the Moravian border by Leopold V of Austria. Richard and his retainers had been traveling disguised as pilgrims, complete with flowing beards and tattered clothes. Richard himself was dressed like a kitchen hand, but was identified because he was wearing a magnificent and costly ring no menial worker could afford. The Duke handed him over as a prisoner to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor after being held captive at Dürnstein. Although the circumstances of his captivity were not severe, he was frustrated by his inability to travel freely. Richard once proudly declared, "I am born of a rank which recognizes no superior but God" to the emperor. His mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, worked tirelessly to raise the exorbitant ransom of 100,000 marks demanded by the German emperor; both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the scutage and the carucage taxes. The emperor demanded that 70,000 marks be delivered to him before he would release the king, the same amount that had been raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier. The money was transferred to Germany by the emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on February 4, 1194 Richard was released. King Philip of France sent a message to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose."

During his absence, John had come close to seizing the throne; Richard forgave him, and even named him as his heir in place of Arthur, who was growing into an unpleasant youth. Instead of turning against John, Richard came into conflict with his former ally and friend, King Philip. When Philip attacked Richard's fortress, Chateau-Gaillard, he boasted that "if its walls were iron, yet would I take it", to which Richard replied, "If these walls were butter, yet would I hold them!"
After his many famous battles, it was a minor skirmish with the rebellious castle of Châlus-Charbrol near Limousin, France, on 26 March 1199 that would take Richard's life. Richard had laid siege to the castle in pursuit of a claim to treasure-trove. Pierre Basile was one of only two knights defending Châlus. Richard, who had removed some of his chainmail, was wounded in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt launched from a tower by Basile. Gangrene set in and Richard asked to see his killer. He ordered that Basile be set free and awarded a sum of money. However as soon as Richard died, with his 77-year-old mother Eleanor at his side, on 6 April 1199, Basile was flayed alive and then hanged.
Richard's bowels were buried at the foot of the tower from which the shot was loosed while the rest of his remains were buried next to his father at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur, France.
There is no doubt that Richard had many admirable qualities, as well as many bad ones. He was a military mastermind, and politically astute in many ways; yet incredibly foolish in others, and unwilling to give way to public opinion. He was capable of great humility as well as great arrogance. He loved his family, but behaved ruthlessly to his enemies. He was revered by his most worthy rival, Saladin, and respected by the Emperor Henry, but hated by many who had been his friends, especially King Philip. He was often careless of his own safety: the wound which killed him need not have been inflicted at all if he had been properly armoured. Almost the same thing had happened, ten years earlier when, while feuding with his father, he had encountered William Marshal while unarmed and had to beg for his life. Richard's existence had been one whole series of contradictions. Although he had neglected his wife, Berengaria, he had to be commanded by priests to be faithful to her. She was distraught at the news of his death. He produced no heirs.
Richard was succeeded by his brother John as king of England. However, his French territories initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur of Brittany, the son of their late brother Geoffrey, whose claim was technically better than John's.
Over the years the figures of Robin Hood and Richard I have become closely linked. However, in the earliest Robin Hood ballads the only king mentioned is "Edward our comely king", presumably Edward I, II, or III. It was not until much later that a connection came to be made between the two men. The typical usage of the link is that the major political goal of Robin's war is to restore Richard to the throne after Prince John usurped it.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: King Richard I "Coeur De Lion" of England

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Birth - Date: 13 Sep 1157 Place: Beaumont Palace, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England

Richard married Jiménez, Queen Of England Berengaria 12 May 1191, Chapel of St. George, Limassol. Berengaria (daughter of Jiménez, King Sancho VI and Ivrea, Sancha) was born 1163; died 23 Dec 1230. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8WKQ-5R
• _UID: 2CCE93923075AF4F909DB77FE2E92B2E4981
• _UID: 6372957409EE644CB7F3382F92D3CC7A418D
• _UID: 93FD1CC5C09334499D8EC39CFAA6CEEC2540
• Death: 6 Apr 1199, , Chalus, Haute-Vienne, France

Notes:

PREFIX: Also shown as Prince of England

DEATH: Also shown as Died Paris.

SURNAME: Also shown as England

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Richard I "Coeur de Lion" King Of

AFN: Merged with a record that used the AFN 8XJ3-VQ

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 13 Sep 1157

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried , Fontevrault L'Ab, Maine-et-loire, France.

Geoffrey married Concubine 1 Unknown Unmd. Unknown was born Abt 1159, of, , , England. [Group Sheet]

Geoffrey married de Thouars, Duchess of Brittany Constance Jul 1181. Constance died 1201. [Group Sheet]

Geoffrey married Countess of Bretagne Constance Abt Jul 1181. Constance was born 12 Jun 1166, of, , Bretagne, France; died 31 Aug 1201, , Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France; was buried , , Abbydevilleneuve, Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet]

Geoffrey married Princess Of Navarra Berengaria 12 May 1191, , Limassol, Limassol, CYPRUS. Berengaria was born Abt 1163, of, Pampeluna, Navarra, Spain; died Abt 1230, , Abbey De Espans, Sarthe, France; was buried , , Abbey De Espans, Sarthe, France. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ3-X3
• _FSFTID: L8WB-MP6
• _UID: 4B1683217225A445BC74DFE48F3EE8022F17

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ3-Z8
• Baptism: , Domfront, Normandie, France
• Title of Nobility: Queen of Castile
• _FSFTID: L8WY-WV5
• _UID: 70BBE2D1FAED894492E9F47AC76D22DFB022
• _UID: BF734C7B242D7646A925E364C92811203D34

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Eleanor Princess Of

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Domfront Castle, Normandy, France.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Burgos, Castile.

Eleanor married De Castille, King of Castile / King of Toledo Alfonso VIII Sep 1170, , Burgos, Burgos, Spain. Alfonso (son of De Castille, King of Castile Sancho III and Of Navarre, Blanche, son of De Castille, King of Castile Sancho III and Navarre, Blanche, son of De Castille, King of Castile Sancho III and Queen/Castile Blanche) was born 11 Nov 1155, , , Castile, Spain; died 5 Oct 1214, Huelgas, Burgos, Spain; was buried , Huelgas, Burgos, Spain. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ4-0D
• _FSFTID: L8WB-MQT
• _UID: 641CC971DE61744995242CCF2BA6498408B6
• _UID: C1B71104CE275742903B04BDF55917505C3B

Notes:

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Joanna

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Angers.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Oct 1164/1165

Joan married de Hauteville, King of Sicily Guillaume II 13 Feb 1177, St Egidius, Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Guillaume was born 1166, of, , , SICILY; died 18 Nov 1189, , Palermo, Palermo, Italy; was buried , , Monreale, Palermo, Italy. [Group Sheet]

Joan married de Tolosa, Count of Toulouse Raimond VI Oct 1196, , Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France. Raimond was born 27 Oct 1156, , St Giles, , France; died , , Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ4-1K
• _FSFTID: LZFP-JXY
• _UID: 465A76AB855DA34DB77C3A26A8AF149425B6
• _UID: 614B7C7F1B614C42AD46CE4EAD2A1BD88A55
• _UID: 7BA3D169F13C4A4DB902AF6A8B8E71DD5710

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

John (of England), called John Lackland (1167-1216), king of England (1199-1216), best known for signing the Magna Carta.
John was born in Oxford on December 24, 1167, the youngest son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry provided for the eventual inheritance of his lands by his older sons before John was born. By 1186, however, only Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, and John were left as Henry's heirs. In 1189, as Henry neared death, John joined Richard's rebellion against their father, and when Richard was crowned, he gave John many estates and titles. John tried but failed to usurp the Crown while Richard was away on the Third Crusade. Upon returning to England, Richard forgave him. When his brother died in 1199, John became king. A revolt ensued by the supporters of Arthur of Bretagne, the son of John's brother, Geoffrey. Arthur was defeated and captured in 1202, and John is believed to have had him murdered. King Philip II of France continued Arthur's war until John had to surrender nearly all his French possessions in 1204. In 1207 John refused to accept the election of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Innocent III then excommunicated him and began negotiating with Philip for an invasion of England. Desperate, John surrendered England to the pope and in 1213 received it back as a fief. Trying to regain his French possession, he was decisively defeated by Philip in 1214. John's reign had become increasingly tyrannical; to support his wars he had extorted money, raised taxes, and confiscated properties. His barons finally united to force him to respect their rights and privileges. John had little choice but to sign the Magna Carta presented to him by his barons at Runnymede in 1215, making him subject, rather than superior, to the law. Shortly afterward John and the barons were at war. He died at Newark in Nottinghamshire on October 19, 1216, while still pursuing the campaign, and was succeeded by his son, Henry III.



"John (of England)," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

John (French: Jean) (December 24, 1166-October 18/19, 1216) reigned as King of England from April 6, 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I (known as "Richard the Lionheart"). John acquired the nicknames of "Lackland" (in French, sans terre) and "Soft-sword".
John's reign has been traditionally characterized as one of the most disastrous in English history: it began with defeats-he lost Normandy to Philippe Auguste of France in his first five years on the throne-and ended with England torn by civil war and himself on the verge of being forced out of power. In 1213, he made England a papal fief to resolve a conflict with the Church, and his rebellious barons forced him to sign Magna Carta in 1215, the act for which he is best remembered. Some have argued, however, that John ruled no better or worse than his immediate predecessor or his successor.
Early years
Born at Oxford, John was the fifth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
John was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine and Joan Plantagenet.
John was always his father's favourite son, though as the youngest, he could expect no inheritance (hence his nickname, "Lackland"). He was almost certainly born in 1166 instead of 1167, as is sometimes claimed. King Henry and Queen Eleanor were not together nine months prior to December 1167, but they were together in March 1166. Also, John was born at Oxford on or near Christmas, but Eleanor and Henry spent Christmas 1167 in Normandy. The canon of Laon, writing a century later, states John was named after Saint John the Baptist, on whose feast day (December 27) he was born. Ralph of Diceto also states that John was born in 1166, and that Queen Eleanor named him.
His family life was tumultuous, with his older brothers all involved in rebellions against King Henry. His mother, Queen Eleanor was imprisoned in 1173, when John was a small boy. Gerald of Wales relates that King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of it's chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for it's chance to strike. When asked the meaning of this picture, King Henry said:
"The four young ones of the eagle are my four sons, who will not cease persecuting me even unto death. And the youngest, whom I now embrace with such tender affection, will someday afflict me more grievously and perilously than all the others."
In 1189 he married Avisa, daughter and heiress of the Earl of Gloucester. (She is given several alternative names by history, including Isabella, Hawise, Joan, and Eleanor.) They had no children, and John had their marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, some time before or shortly after his accession to the throne, which took place on April 6, 1199, and she was never acknowledged as queen. (She then married Geoffrey de Mandeville as her second husband and Hubert de Burgh as her third).
Before his accession, John had already acquired a reputation for treachery, having conspired sometimes with and sometimes against his elder brothers, Henry, Geoffrey and Richard. In 1184, John and Richard both claimed that they were the rightful heir to the Aquitaine, one of many unfriendly encounters between the two. In 1185 though, John became the ruler of Ireland, whose people grew to despise him, causing John to leave after only eight months (see: John's first expedition to Ireland).
During Richard's absence on the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1194, John attempted to overthrow his designated regent, despite having been forbidden by his brother to leave France. This was one reason the older legend of Hereward the Wake was updated to King Richard's reign, with "Prince John" as the ultimate villain and with the hero now called "Robin Hood". However, on his return to England in 1194, Richard forgave John and named him as his heir.
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Reign
On Richard's death, John did not gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the posthumous son of John's brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by John's forces. According to the Margram Annals, on April 3, 1203:
"After King John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen... when [John] was drunk and possessed by the devil he slew [Arthur] with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine."
Besides Arthur, John also captured his niece Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany. Eleanor remained a prisoner the rest of her life (which ended in 1241); through deeds such as these, John acquired a reputation for ruthlessness.
In the meantime, John had remarried, on August 24, 1200, Isabelle of Angoulême, who was twenty years his junior. She was the daughter of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angouleme. John had kidnapped her from her fiancée, Hugh IX of Lusignan. Isabelle eventually produced five children, including two sons (Henry and Richard), Joan, Isabella and Eleanor.
In 1205 John married off his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great, building an alliance in the hope of keeping peace within England and Wales so that he could recover his French lands. The French king had declared most of these forfeit in 1204, leaving John only Gascony in the southwest.
John is given a great talent for lechery by the chroniclers of his age, and even allowing some embellishment, he did have many illegitimate children. Matthew Paris accuses him of being envious of many of his barons and kinsfolk, and seducing their more attractive daughters and sisters. Roger of Wendover describes an incident that occurred when John became enamoured with Margaret, the wife of Eustace de Vesci and an illegitimate daughter of King William I of Scotland. Her husband substituted a prostitute in her place when the king came to Margaret's bed in the dark of night; the next morning when John boasted to Vesci of how good his wife was in bed, Vesci confessed and fled.
Besides Joan, the wife of Llywelyn Fawr, his bastard daughter by a woman named Clemence, John had a son named Richard Fitz Roy by his first cousin, a daughter of his uncle Hamelin de Warenne. By another mistress, Hawise, John had Oliver FitzRoy, who accompanied the papal legate Pelayo to Damietta in 1218, and never returned. By unknown mistress (or mistresses) John fathered: Geoffrey FitzRoy, who went on expedition to Poitou in 1205 and died there; John FitzRoy, a clerk in 1201; Henry FitzRoy, who died in 1245; Osbert Gifford, who was given lands in Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex and is last found alive in 1216; Eudes FitzRoy, who accompanied his half-brother Richard on Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1241; Bartholomew FitzRoy, a member of the order of Friars Preachers; and Maud FitzRoy, Abbess of Barking, who died in 1252.
As far as the administration of his kingdom went, John functioned as an efficient ruler, but he won the disapproval of the English barons by taxing them in ways that were outside those traditionally allowed by feudal overlords. The tax known as scutage, a penalty for those who failed to supply military resources, became particularly unpopular.
When Hubert Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III. The monks of Christ Church chapter in Canterbury claimed the sole right to elect Hubert's successor, but both the English bishops and the King had an interest in the choice of successor to this powerful office. When their dispute could not be settled, the monks secretly elected one of their members as Archbishop and later a second election imposed by John resulted in another candidate. When they both appeared at Rome, Innocent disavowed both elections and his candidate, Stephen Langton was elected over the objections of John's observers. This action by Innocent disregarded the king's rights in selection of his own vassals. John was supported in his position by the English barons and many of the English bishops and refused to accept Stephen Langton.
John expelled the Canterbury monks in July 1207 and the Pope ordered an interdict against the kingdom. John immediately retaliated by seizure of church property for failure to provide feudal service and the fight was on. The pious of England were theoretically left without the comforts of the church, but over a period they became used to it and the pope realising that too long a period without church services could lead to loss of faith, gave permission for some churches to hold mass behind closed doors in 1209 and in 1212 allowed last rites to the dying. It seems that the church in England quietly continued some services and while the interdict was a burden to many, it did not result in rebellion against John.
In November of 1209 John himself was excommunicated and in February 1213 Innocent threatened stronger measures unless John submitted. The papal terms for submission were accepted and in addition John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to God and the Saints Peter and Paul for a feudal service of 1000 marks annually, 700 for England and 300 for Ireland. With this submission, John gained the valuable support of his papal overlord in his dispute with the English barons, some of whom rebelled against him after he was excommunicated.
Having successfully put down the Welsh Uprising of 1211 and settling his dispute with the papacy, John turned his attentions back to his overseas interests. The European wars culminated in defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, which forced the king to accept an unfavourable peace with France. This finally turned the barons against him, and he met their leaders at Runnymede, near London, on June 15, 1215, to sign the Great Charter called, in Latin, Magna Carta. Because he had signed under duress, however, John received approval from his overlord the Pope to break his word as soon as hostilities had ceased, provoking the First Barons' War.
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Death
In 1216, John, retreating from an invasion by Prince Louis of France (whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne), crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and lost his most valuable treasures, including the Crown Jewels as a result of the unexpected incoming tide. This dealt him a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind, and he succumbed to dysentery, dying on October 18 or October 19, 1216, at Newark in Lincolnshire*. Numerous, if fictitious, accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale or poisoned plums. He lies buried in Worcester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year-old son succeeded him and became King Henry III of England, and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217.
*Footnote: Newark now lies within the County of Nottinghamshire, close to its long boundary with Lincolnshire.
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Alleged illiteracy
For a long time, school children have learned that King John had to approve Magna Carta by attaching his seal to it because he could not sign it, lacking the ability to read or write. This textbook inaccuracy resembled that of textbooks which claimed that Christopher Columbus wanted to prove the earth was round. Whether the original authors of these errors knew better and oversimplified because they wrote for children, or whether they had been misinformed themselves, as a result generations of adults remembered mainly two things about "wicked King John", both of them wrong. (The other "fact" was that, if Robin Hood had not stepped in, Prince John would have embezzled the money raised to ransom King Richard. The fact is that Prince John did embezzle the ransom money, by creating forged seals, and Robin Hood may or may not have had any historical reality.)
In fact, King John did sign the draft of the Charter that the negotiating parties hammered out in the tent on Charter Island at Runnymede on 15-18 June 1215, but it took the clerks and scribes working in the royal offices some time after everyone went home to prepare the final copies, which they then sealed and delivered to the appropriate officials. In those days, legal documents were sealed to make them official, not signed. (Even today, many legal documents are not considered effective without the seal of a notary public or corporate official, and printed legal forms such as deeds say "L.S." next to the signature lines. That stands for the Latin locus signilli ("place of the seal"), signifying that the signer has used a signature as a substitute for a seal.) When William the Conqueror (and his wife) signed the Accord of Winchester (Image) in 1072, for example, they and all the bishops signed with crosses, as illiterate people would later do, but they did so in accordance with current legal practice, not because the bishops could not write their own names.
Henry II had at first intended that his son Prince John receive an education to go into the Church, which would have meant Henry did not have to give him any land, but in 1171 Henry began negotiations to betroth John to the daughter of Count Humbert III of Savoy (who had no son yet and so wanted a son-in-law), and after that, talk of making John a churchman ceased. John's parents had both received a good education-Henry II spoke some half dozen languages, and Eleanor of Aquitaine had attended lectures at what would soon become the University of Paris-in addition to what they had learned of law and government, religion, and literature. John himself had received one of the best educations of any king of England. Some of the books the records show he read included: De Sacramentis Christianae Fidei by Hugh of St. Victor, Sentences by Peter Lombard, The Treatise of Origen, and a history of England-potentially Wace's Roman de Brut, based on Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.
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Notes
According to records of payment made to King John's bath attendant, William Aquarius, the king bathed on average about once every three weeks, which cost a considerable sum of 5d to 6d each, suggesting an elaborate and ceremonial affair. Although this may seem barbaric by modern standards, it was civilised compared to monks who were expected to bathe three times a year, with the right not to bathe at all if they so chose. By contrast, King John dressed very well in coats made of fur from sable and ermine and other exotic furs such as polar bear.

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Micheal Call, Chart 301 - # 1

SURNAME: Also shown as England

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as John "Lackland" King Of

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 24 Dec 1166

DEATH: Also shown as Died , Newark, Nottinghamshire, England.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Worcester, Cathedral.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: King Of England John Plantagenet

John — . Unknown [Group Sheet]

John — De Warenne, Suzanne. [Group Sheet]

John married Gifford, Matilda Unmd. Matilda was born Abt 1185, of, , , England. [Group Sheet]

John married Fitz Warin, Concubine 1 Hawisa Unmd. Hawisa was born Abt 1167, of, , , England. [Group Sheet]

John married Unknown [Concubine 2] Unmd. Unknown was born Abt 1168, of, , , England. [Group Sheet]

John married de Warrene Concubine 5 Unmd. was born Abt 1166, of, , Essex, England. [Group Sheet]

John — Unknown [Concubine 6]. Unknown was born Abt 1168, of, , , England. [Group Sheet]

John — Unknown [Concubine 7]. Unknown was born Abt 1168, of, , Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet]

John — Unknown [Concubine 8]. Unknown was born Abt 1168, of, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England. [Group Sheet]

John — Unknown [Concubine 9]. Unknown was born Abt 1168, of, , Essex, England. [Group Sheet]

John married d' Anjou Concubine 10 Kings Manor Hous, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. (daughter of Plantagenet, Hameline and De Warren, Isabel) was born Abt 1170, of, , England. [Group Sheet]

John married de Ferrers, Agatha Abt 1185, Unmd. Agatha (daughter of Earl/Derby William and de Braose, Sybil) was born Abt 1168, of, Charltey, Staffordshire, England. [Group Sheet]

John married De Clare, Countess of Gloucester Isabella 29 Aug 1189, Marlebridge; divorced Yes, date unknown. Isabella died Nov 1217. [Group Sheet]

John married Fitzrobert, Isabel 29 Aug 1189, Marlborough, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England; divorced Yes, date unknown. Isabel (daughter of fitzRobert, William and De Beaumont, Hawise) was born Abt 1170, of, , Gloucester, England; died 14 Oct 1217, Dsp, , Kent, England; was buried , Canterbury Cathe, Canterbury, Kent, England. [Group Sheet]

John married De Taillefer, Queen of England Isabella 24 Aug 1200, , Bordeaux, Gironde, France. Isabella (daughter of Taillefer, Count of Angouleme Aymer and Capet, Cts/Ang Alice) was born 1188, Angoulême, Charente, Poitou-Charentes, France; died 31 May 1245/1246, Fontevrault, Fontevrault L'Ab, Maine-et-loire, France; was buried Jun 1246, Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, Department De Maine-et-Loire, Pays De La Loire, FRANCE. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _FSFTID: L8WY-WSB
• _UID: 6A1084F842526D4181B946831A0E1A58D5F1

Other Events:

• AFN: 9HM0-WX
• _UID: 8B813E0E75BC334ABB4932D74A265BA482AB
• _UID: C9785138273F5A439EDBE63207D24B40C2F9

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

!Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families by Michel L. Call.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Alphonso

Alphonso — Castile, Sancha. Sancha was born 21 Sep 1164; died 9 Nov 1208, Sijena. [Group Sheet]

Alphonso married Castile, Queen/Aragon Sanchia 18 Jan 1174, Aragon, Spain. Sanchia (daughter of Galicia, King/Castile Alphonso Raymond III and Princess of Poland Rixa (Richenza)) was born 21 Sep 1154, of, Castile, , Spain; died Nov 1208, Aragon, Spain. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 91M0-ZB
• _UID: 3ADEED41AB192F4ABE34263B2EC1155F3957

Aldonza — Ermengaud. Ermengaud was born Abt 1154; died 1183. [Group Sheet]

Aldonza married King Of Portugal Sancho I 1175. Sancho was born 1154; died 1198. [Group Sheet]