Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ8-M7
• _FSFTID: L8MJ-ZLN
• _UID: E781DF267B9C394C9EA2A9F18E408A225DB4
• _UID: F4E7827EA4A2C44C8E695722E69245F45214

Notes:

SURNAME: Also shown as England

Other Events:

• AFN: 8WKN-4B
• Title of Nobility: King of England
• _FSFTID: L8MJ-ZLD
• _UID: 708EE7D784960A4FAD7B50272642498E0D92
• _UID: A1E0A18FDD12C040AACDC7752E98FD9BB116
• Baptism: 22 Jun 1239, , Westminster, Middlesex, England

Notes:

Edward I, called Longshanks (1239-1307), king of England (1272-1307), of the house of Plantagenet. He was born in Westminster on June 17, 1239, the eldest son of King Henry III, and at 15 married Eleanor of Castile. In the struggles of the barons against the crown for constitutional and ecclesiastical reforms, Edward took a vacillating course. When warfare broke out between the crown and the nobility, Edward fought on the side of the king, winning the decisive battle of Evesham in 1265. Five years later he left England to join the Seventh Crusade. Following his father's death in 1272, and while he was still abroad, Edward was recognized as king by the English barons; in 1273, on his return to England, he was crowned.
The first years of Edward's reign were a period of the consolidation of his power. He suppressed corruption in the administration of justice and passed legislation allowing feudal barons and the crown to collect revenues from properties willed to the church.
On the refusal of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Wales, to submit to the English crown, Edward began the military conflict that resulted, in 1284, in the annexation of Llewelyn's principality to the English crown. In 1290 Edward expelled all Jews from England. War between England and France broke out in 1293 as a result of the efforts of France to curb Edward's power in Gascony. Edward lost Gascony in 1293 and did not again come into possession of the duchy until 1303. About the same year in which he lost Gascony, the Welsh rose in rebellion.
Greater than either of these problems was the disaffection of the people of Scotland. In agreeing to arbitrate among the claimants to the Scottish throne, Edward, in 1291, had exacted as a prior condition the recognition by all concerned of his overlordship of Scotland. The Scots later repudiated him and made an alliance with France against England. To meet the critical situations in Wales and Scotland, Edward summoned a parliament, called the Model Parliament by historians because it was a representative body and in that respect was the forerunner of all future parliaments. Assured by Parliament of support at home, Edward took the field and suppressed the Welsh insurrection. In 1296, after invading and conquering Scotland, he declared himself king of that realm. In 1298 he again invaded Scotland to suppress the revolt led by Sir William Wallace. In winning the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, Edward achieved the greatest military triumph of his career, but he failed to crush Scottish opposition.
The conquest of Scotland became the ruling passion of his life. He was, however, compelled by the nobles, clergy, and commons to desist in his attempts to raise by arbitrary taxes the funds he needed for campaigns. In 1299 Edward made peace with France and married Margaret, sister of King Philip III of France. Thus freed of war, he again undertook the conquest of Scotland in 1303. Wallace was captured and executed in 1305. No sooner had Edward established his government in Scotland, however, than a new revolt broke out and culminated in the coronation of Robert Bruce as king of Scotland. In 1307 Edward set out for the third time to subdue the Scots, but he died en route near Carlisle on July 7, 1307.



"Edward I," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

King Edward I of England (June 17, 1239 - July 7, 1307), popularly known as "Longshanks" because of his 6 foot 2 inch frame and the "Hammer of the Scots" (his tombstone, in Latin, read, Hic est Edwardvs Primus Scottorum Malleus, "Here lies Edward I, Hammer of the Scots"), achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who kept Scotland under English domination. He reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on November 21, 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III of England.
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on June 17 or 18, 1239. He married twice; his first marriage - to Eleanor of Castile - produced sixteen children, and her death in 1290 affected Edward deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortege stopped for the night. His second marriage - to Marguerite of France (known as the "Pearl of France" by her English subjects), the daughter of King Philippe III of France (Phillip the Bold) and Maria of Brabant - produced a further three children.
Edward's character greatly contrasted that of his father, who reigned in England throughout Edward's childhood and consistently tended to favour compromise with his opponents. Edward had already shown himself as an ambitious and impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess in defeating Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. He gained a reputation for treating rebels and other foes with great savagery. He relentlessly pursued the surviving members of the de Montfort family, his cousins. In 1270 he travelled to Tunis, intending to fight in the Eighth Crusade alongside Louis IX of France, who died before Edward arrived; Edward instead travelled to Acre, in the Ninth Crusade. While in the Holy Land his father died; Edward arrived back in England in 1274.
One of Edward's early achievements was the conquest of Wales. Under the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, Llewelyn ap Gruffydd (Meaning 'Like a Lion') had extended Welsh territories southwards into what had been the lands of the English Marcher lords, and gained the title of Prince of Wales although he still owed homage to the English monarch as overlord. Edward refused to recognise the Treaty which had been concluded by his father. In 1275, pirates in Edward's pay intercepted a ship carrying Eleanor de Montfort, Simon de Montfort's only daughter, from France (where her family had lived in exile) to Wales, where she expected to marry Llywelyn the Last, then ruler of the principality The parties' families had arranged the marriage previously, when an alliance with Simon de Montfort still counted politically. However, Llywelyn wanted the marriage largely to antagonise his long-standing enemy, Edward. With the hijacking of the ship, Edward gained possession of Eleanor and imprisoned her at Windsor. After Llywelyn repeatedly refused to pay homage to Edward in 1274-5, Edward raised an army and launched his first campaign against the Welsh prince in 1276-77. After this campaign Llywelyn was forced to pay homage to Edward and was stripped of all but a rump of territory in Gwynedd. But Edward allowed Llywelyn to retain the title of Prince of Wales, and the marriage with Eleanor de Montfort went ahead.
However, Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282. Llywelyn died shortly afterwards in a skirmish. Subsequently, Edward destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing, brutally torturing and executing Dafydd in the following year. To consolidate his conquest, he commenced the construction of a string of massive stone castles encircling the principality, of which Caernarfon Castle provides a notable surviving example. Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and in 1301 Edward created his eldest son Edward Prince of Wales, since which time the eldest son of each English monarch has borne the same title.
To finance his war to conquer Wales, Edward I taxed the Jewish moneylenders. However, the cost of Edward's ambitions soon drained the money-lenders dry. Anti-Semitism, a long-existing attitude, increased substantially, and when the Jews could no longer pay, the state accused them of disloyalty. Already restricted to a limited number of occupations, the Jews saw Edward abolish their right to lend money. After the manner of racism, anti-semitic feeling grew, until the King decreed the Jews a threat to the country and restricted their movements and activities. Edward decreed that all Jews must wear a yellow patch in the shape of a star attached to their outer clothing to identify them in public, an idea Adolf Hitler would echo 650 years later (compare Star of David, Yellow badge).
In the course of King Edward's persecution of the Jews, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households. The authorities took over 300 of them to the Tower of London and executed them, while killing others in their homes. Finally, in 1290, the King banished all Jews from the country.
Edward then turned his attentions to Scotland and on May 10, 1291 Scottish nobles recognised the authority of Edward I. He had planned to marry off his son to the child queen, Margaret of Scotland (Called 'The Maid of Norway') but when Margaret died the Scottish nobles agreed to have Edward select her successor from the various claimants to the throne, and he chose John Balliol over other candidates. Edward was anxious to impose his overlordship on Scotland and hoped that John Balliol would prove the most biddable candidate. Indeed, Edward summoned John Balliol to do homage to him in Westminster in 1293 and made it clear he expected John's military and financial support against France. But this was too much for Balliol, who concluded a pact with France and prepared an army to invade England.
Edward gathered his largest army yet and razed Berwick, massacring its inhabitants, proceeding to Dunbar and Edinburgh. The Stone of Destiny was removed from Scone Palace and taken to Westminster Abbey. Until 1996, it formed the seat on King Edward's Chair, on which all English monarchs since 1308 have been crowned, with the exception of Mary I. In 1996, the stone was returned to Scotland, to return only during royal coronations. Balliol renounced the crown and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years before withdrawing to his estates in France. All freeholders in Scotland were required to swear an oath of homage to Edward, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English Viceroys.
Opposition sprang up (see Wars of Scottish Independence), and Edward executed the focus of discontent, William Wallace, on August 23, 1305, having earlier defeated him at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). His plan to unite the two countries never came to fruition in his era, and he died in 1307 at Burgh by Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots, energized by Wallace's martyrdom and under the leadership of Robert the Bruce. Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey. His son, King Edward II of England, succeeded him.
King Edward I is villainously depicted in the film Braveheart.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Edward I King Of

SUFFIX: Also shown as [Longshank]

DEATH: Also shown as Died Near Carlisle.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminster Abbe, London, England.

Edward married Ivrea, Queen of England Eleanor 18 Oct 1254, Burgos, Burgos, Castilla-Leon, Spain. Eleanor (daughter of Ivrea, King of Castile Ferdinand III and De Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu Joana, daughter of Castile, King Of Caslte Ferdinand III and De Dammartin, Queen/Castile Joana) was born 1244, of, Burgos, Castile, Spain; died 24 Nov 1290, , Herdeby, Lincolnshire, England; was buried 16 Dec 1290, Westminster, Abbey, London, England. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ8-HJ
• Religion: Roman Catholic
• _FSFTID: L8MJ-ZL1
• _UID: 2F90A6D43831A6438488BDD0EA98FE0AAE96
• _UID: 4DC26152915E24409CA7CA0F73DE8FC1D2E1

Notes:

Eleanor of Castile (1241 - 28 November 1290) was the first queen consort of Edward I of England. Eleanor was born in Castile, Spain, the daughter of Fernando III, King of Castile and Leon and his second wife, Jeanne, Countess of Ponthieu. Her given name was Leonor (she was called Eleanor in England). Her birthdate is not certainly known, but it is known that she was the second of the three children born to Fernando and Jeanne. Her elder brother Fernando was born 1239/40 and her younger brother Luis was born 1242/43. For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers appear, each candle commemorating one year of her life. This would place her birth in 1241.
She married Edward, the son of Henry III of England, in October 1254 at Burgos and became queen in 1272 when his father died and he became king. Theirs was one of the most successful royal marriages of all time, and she often accompanied her husband on his military campaigns, giving birth to his fourth son (later King Edward II of England) at Caernarfon in 1284, immediately after the conquest of Wales. She gave birth to sixteen children all told, six of whom survived into adulthood, but only two or three of whom outlived their parents.
Eleanor is remembered warmly by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time. Her English subjects considered her to be too foreign and greedy. Walter of Guisborough preserves the following poem:
"The king desires to get our gold/the queen, our manors fair to hold..."
She and Edward seemed to have been more devoted to one another than to their offspring. Their daughter Joan was left to be raised by her grandmother in Ponthieu for much of her childhood. When their son Henry lay dying at Guildford, neither of his royal parents undertook the short journey from London to see him.
Eleanor died on November 28, 1290, at Nottingham (believed actually Harby, Nottinghamshire rather than the city), and her body was returned to London for burial at Westminster Abbey. Such was Edward's devotion to her that he erected memorial crosses at each overnight stop. Three of these "Eleanor crosses" are still landmarks today, although the most famous at Charing Cross (from which its name derives) is a copy. He did not remarry for nine years, to Marguerite of France, in 1299.
The locations of the 12 crosses were as follows: Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing.
[edit]
Children of Queen Eleanor and King Edward I
1. Daughter, stillborn in May 1255 in Bordeaux, France.
2. Katherine, living June 17 1264, died September 5 1264 and buried at Westminster Abbey.
3. Eleanor, born 18 June 1264 and died 12 October 1297. She married (1) Alfonso III of Aragon, (2) Count Henry III of Bar.
4. Joan, born January 1265, buried at Westminster Abbey before September 7 1265.
5. John, born July 13 1266, died August 3 1271 at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
6. Henry, born before May 6 1268, died October 16 1274.
7. Daughter, born May 1271 in Palestine and died before September 1271.
8. Joan of Acre born May 1271 and died April 7 1307. She married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, (2) Ralph Morthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer.
9. Alphonso, Earl of Chester, born 24 November 1273, died 19 August 1284, buried in Westminster Abbey
10. Margaret, born March 15 1275 and died after 1333. She married John II of Brabant.
11. Berengaria, born 1 May 1276 and died before June 27 1278, buried in Westminster Abbey.
12. Daughter, died shortly after birth, January 1278.
13. Mary, born 11 March 1279 and died 29 May 1332, a nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire (England).
14. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, born August 1281 at Rhuddlan, died 5 May 1316. She married (1) John I, Count of Holland, (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford & 3rd Earl of Essex
15. Edward of Caernavon, born 25 April 1284 at Caernarvon, died 21 September 1327. He married Isabella of France

SURNAME: Also shown as Plantagenet

PREFIX: Also shown as Prs/Castile

DEATH: Also shown as Died Herdeby, Near Grantham, Lincolnshire.

DEATH: Also shown as Died 29 Nov 1290

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminster Abbe, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

Notes:

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married Las Huelgas.

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• AFN: 8XJ5-ZJ
• _UID: A7B3D5FDB06434438C2AAA1BB7368B86307E
• _UID: BA7CF2F71A93B949824D365703EB700088CE
• _UID: C087CBB9D2598A4791DA1947C9E7406DEF33
• Birth: 10 Oct 1207, Winchester, Hampshire, England

Notes:

Henry III (of England) (1207-1272), king of England (1216-1272), son and successor of King John (Lackland), and a member of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. Henry ascended the throne at the age of nine, on the death of his father. During his minority the kingdom was ruled by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, as regent, but after his death in 1219 the justiciar Hubert de Burgh was the chief power in the government. During the regency the French, who occupied much of eastern England, were expelled, and rebellious barons were subdued.
Henry was declared of age in 1227. In 1232 he dismissed Hubert de Burgh from his court and commenced ruling without the aid of ministers. Henry displeased the barons by filling government and church offices with foreign favorites, many of them relatives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, whom he married in 1236, and by squandering money on Continental wars, especially in France. In order to secure the throne of Sicily for one of his sons, Henry agreed to pay the pope a large sum. When the king requested money from the barons to pay his debt, they refused and in 1258 forced him to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, whereby he agreed to share his power with a council of barons. Henry soon repudiated his oath, however, with papal approval. After a brief period of war, the matter was referred to the arbitration of Louis IX, king of France, who decided in Henry's favor in a judgment called the Mise of Amiens (1264). Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, accordingly led the barons into war, defeated Henry at Lewes, and took him prisoner. In 1265, however, Henry's son and heir, Edward, later King Edward I, led the royal troops to victory over the barons at Evesham, about 40.2 km (about 25 mi) south of Birmingham. Simon de Montfort was killed in the battle, and the barons agreed to a compromise with Edward and his party in 1267. From that time on Edward ruled England, and when Henry died, he succeeded him as king.



"Henry III (of England)," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Henry III (October 1, 1207 - November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. He was also the first child monarch in English royal history.
He was born in 1207, the son of King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme. According to Nicholas Trevet, Henry was a thickset man of medium height, with a narrow forehead and a drooping left eyelid (inherited by his son, Edward I).
On John's death, Henry, aged nine, was hastily crowned in Gloucester, as the barons who had been supporting the invasion of Prince Louis of France in order to ensure John's deposition quickly saw the young prince as a safer option. Henry's regents immediately declared their intention to rule by Magna Carta which they did during Henry's minority. Magna Carta was reissued in 1217 as a sign of goodwill to the barons. The country was ruled by regents until 1227.
When Henry reached majority, however, he was keen to restore royal authority, looking towards the autocratic model of the French monarchy. Henry married Eleanor of Provence and he promoted many of his French relatives to power and wealth. For instance, one Poitevin, Peter des Riveaux, held the offices of treasurer of the household, keeper of the king's wardrobe, keeper of the privy seal, and the sheriffdoms of twenty-one English counties simultaneously. Henry's tendency to govern for long periods with no publicly appointed ministers who could be held accountable for their actions and decisions did not make matters any easier. Many English barons came to see his method of governing as foreign.
Henry himself, on the other hand, was much taken with the cult of the Anglo-Saxon saint king Edward the Confessor who had been canonized in 1161. Told that St Edward dressed austerely, Henry took to doing the same and wearing only the simplest of robes. He had a mural of the saint painted in his bedchamber for inspiration before and after sleep, and, of course, he named his eldest son after him. Henry designated Westminster, where St Edward had founded the abbey, as the fixed seat of power in England and Westminster Hall duly became the greatest ceremonial space of the kingdom, where the council of nobles also met. Henry appointed French architects from Rheims for the renovation of Westminster Abbey in Gothic style, and work began at great expense in 1245. The centrepiece of Henry's renovated Westminster Abbey was to be a shrine to the confessor king, Edward.
Henry was extremely pious, and his journeys were often delayed by his insistance on hearing Mass several times a day. He took so long to arrive on a visit to the French court that his brother-in-law, King Louis IX of France, banned priests from Henry's route. On one occasion, as related by Roger of Wendover, when King Henry met with papal prelates, he said, "If [the prelates] knew how much I, in my reverence of God, am afraid of them and how unwilling I am to offend them, they would trample on me as on an old and worn-out shoe."
Henry's advancement of foreign favorites, notably his wife's Savoyard uncles and his own Lusignan half-siblings, was unpopular among his subjects and barons. He was also extravagant and avaricious; when his first child, Prince Edward was born, Henry demanded the Londoners bring him rich gifts to celebrate, and even sent back gifts that did not please him. Matthew Paris reports that some said, "God gave us this child, but the king sells him to us."
Henry's reign came to be marked by civil strife, as the English barons led by de Montfort demanded more say in the running of the kingdom. French-born Simon de Montfort had originally been one of the foreign upstarts so loathed by many as Henry's foreign councillors; after he married Henry's sister Eleanor without consulting Henry, a feud developed between the two. Their relationship reached a crisis in the 1250s when de Montfort was put on trial for actions he took as lieutenant of Gascony, the last remaining Plantagenet land across the English Channel.
Henry also became embroiled in funding a war in Sicily on behalf of the Pope in return for a title for his second son Edmund, a state of affairs which made many barons fearful that Henry was following in the footsteps of his father and needed to be keeped in check, just as King John had. De Montfort became leader of those who wanted to reassert Magna Carta and force the king to surrender more power to the baronial council. In 1258 seven leading barons forced Henry to agree to the Provisions of Oxford which effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen barons to deal with the business of government and providing for a three yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance.
Henry was forced to take part in the swearing of a collective oath to the Provisions of Oxford. In the following years, those supporting de Montfort and those supporting the king grew more and more polarised; Henry obtained a papal bull in 1261 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies, the Royalists under Edward Longshanks, Henry's eldest son. Civil War (known as the Second Barons' War) followed.
The charismatic de Montfort and his forces had captured most of southeastern England by 1263 and at the Battle of Lewes on May 14, 1264, Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by de Montfort's army. While Henry was reduced to a figurehead king, de Montfort broadened representation to include each county of England and many important towns - i.e. to groups beyond the nobility. Henry and Edward continued under house arrest. The short period which followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy until the Commonwealth period of 1649-1660, and many of the barons who had initially supported de Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal.
But only fifteen months later Edward Longshanks had escaped captivity to lead the royalists into battle again, and turned the tables on de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Following this victory savage retribution was exacted on the rebels.
Henry's shrine to Edward the Confessor was finally finished in 1269 and the saint's relics were installed. From about 1270, Henry effectively gave up the reins of government to his son. He died in 1272 and his body was lain temporarily in the tomb of the Confessor while his own sarcophagus was constructed in Westminster Abbey.
Henry was succeded by his son, Edward I of England.
In the Divine Comedy Dante sees Henry ("the king of simple life") sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with other contemporary European rulers.
Marriage and children
Married on January 14, 1236, Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, England to Eleanor of Provence, with at least five children born:
1. Edward I (1239-1307)
2. Margaret (1240-1275), married King Alexander III of Scotland
3. Beatrice (1242-1275), married to John II, Duke of Brittany
4. Edmund Crouchback (1245-1296)
5. Katharine (1253-1257)
Note: there is reason to doubt the existence of several attributed children of Henry and Eleanor. Richard, John, and Henry are known only from a 14th century additions made to a manuscript of Flores historiarum, and are nowhere contemporaneously recorded. William is an error for the nephew of Henry's half-brother, William de Valence. Another daughter, Matilda, is found only in the Hayles abbey chronicle, alongside such other fictitious children as a son named William for King John, and a bastard son named John for King Edward I. Matilda's existence is doubtful, at best. For further details, see Margaret Howell's The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence (1992).

!or born 1 Oct 1206

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Micheal Call, Chart 201 - # 8

GEN: See Historical Document.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Westminster, London, Middlesex, England.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminster Abbe, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

Henry married de Provence, Queen of England Eleanor of Provence 4 Jan 1236, Canterbury, Cathedral. Eleanor (daughter of Berengue, Count of Provence Ramón IV and de Savoy, Beatrice) was born 1217, Aix-en-Provence, France; died 24 Jun 1291, Amesbury, United Kingdom; was buried , Convent Church, Amesbury. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _UID: C8770630D9A5FA429BECF0B93876CCA37C9C
• _UID: DA28002F30EE1F4B89E15D2D9CFB70F6AA63

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

SURNAME: Also shown as Berenger

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Elanore of Provence

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Aix-en-Provence.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 1223

DEATH: Also shown as Died Amesbury, Wiltshire.

DEATH: Also shown as Died 26 Jun 1291

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Amesbury Abbey.

Other Events:

• _UID: E19AA4A7F90FF248B4765B5A8EE590DFC97A

Notes:

Fernando III called El Santo (the Saint), (1198/1199 - May 30, 1252) was a king of Castile (1217 - 1252) and Leon (1230 - 1252). He was the son of Alfonso IX and Berenguela of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII. Because his parents were first cousins, their marriage was anulled, but Fernando remained legitimized and was able to succeed his father as king.
In 1231 he united Castile and Leon permanently.
Fernando spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. He captured the towns of Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby completing the reconquest of Spain excepting Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Fernando.
He founded the University of Salamanca and the Cathedral of Burgos.
Fernando was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
[edit]
Marriages and Family
In 1219, Ferdinand married the daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia, Elizabeth, called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
1. King Alfonso X of Castile (November 23, 1221-1284)
2. Infante Fadrique (September 1223-1277), secretly executed by his brother Alfonso.
3. Infante Fernando (March 1225-1243/1248)
4. Infanta Leonor (1227-died young)
5. Infanta Berenguela, a nun at las Huelgas (1228-1288/89).
6. Infante Enrique "El Senador" (March 1230-August 1304)
7. Infante Felipe (December 1231-1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken with the beauty of Princess Christine of Norway (daughter of Haakon IV of Norway), who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
8. Infante Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233-1261)
9. Infante Juan Manuel (1234-November 1283)
10. Infanta Maria, died an infant in November 1235.
After Elizabeth died in 1235, he married Jeanne de Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
1. Infante Fernando, Count of Aumale (1239-1269)
2. Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290), wife of King Edward I of England.
3. Infante Luis (1243-1269)
4. Infante Ximen (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo.
5. Infante Juan (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Cordoba.

Ferdinand — De Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu Joana. Joana (daughter of De Dammartin, Simon and Countess of Ponthieu Maria) was born 1212, Castille, Spain; died 1279. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _UID: 20C255019A23B14BB3DD4158BE758FA88455

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ4-1K
• _FSFTID: LZFP-JXY
• _UID: 465A76AB855DA34DB77C3A26A8AF149425B6
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• _UID: 7BA3D169F13C4A4DB902AF6A8B8E71DD5710

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

John (of England), called John Lackland (1167-1216), king of England (1199-1216), best known for signing the Magna Carta.
John was born in Oxford on December 24, 1167, the youngest son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry provided for the eventual inheritance of his lands by his older sons before John was born. By 1186, however, only Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, and John were left as Henry's heirs. In 1189, as Henry neared death, John joined Richard's rebellion against their father, and when Richard was crowned, he gave John many estates and titles. John tried but failed to usurp the Crown while Richard was away on the Third Crusade. Upon returning to England, Richard forgave him. When his brother died in 1199, John became king. A revolt ensued by the supporters of Arthur of Bretagne, the son of John's brother, Geoffrey. Arthur was defeated and captured in 1202, and John is believed to have had him murdered. King Philip II of France continued Arthur's war until John had to surrender nearly all his French possessions in 1204. In 1207 John refused to accept the election of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Innocent III then excommunicated him and began negotiating with Philip for an invasion of England. Desperate, John surrendered England to the pope and in 1213 received it back as a fief. Trying to regain his French possession, he was decisively defeated by Philip in 1214. John's reign had become increasingly tyrannical; to support his wars he had extorted money, raised taxes, and confiscated properties. His barons finally united to force him to respect their rights and privileges. John had little choice but to sign the Magna Carta presented to him by his barons at Runnymede in 1215, making him subject, rather than superior, to the law. Shortly afterward John and the barons were at war. He died at Newark in Nottinghamshire on October 19, 1216, while still pursuing the campaign, and was succeeded by his son, Henry III.



"John (of England)," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

John (French: Jean) (December 24, 1166-October 18/19, 1216) reigned as King of England from April 6, 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I (known as "Richard the Lionheart"). John acquired the nicknames of "Lackland" (in French, sans terre) and "Soft-sword".
John's reign has been traditionally characterized as one of the most disastrous in English history: it began with defeats-he lost Normandy to Philippe Auguste of France in his first five years on the throne-and ended with England torn by civil war and himself on the verge of being forced out of power. In 1213, he made England a papal fief to resolve a conflict with the Church, and his rebellious barons forced him to sign Magna Carta in 1215, the act for which he is best remembered. Some have argued, however, that John ruled no better or worse than his immediate predecessor or his successor.
Early years
Born at Oxford, John was the fifth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
John was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine and Joan Plantagenet.
John was always his father's favourite son, though as the youngest, he could expect no inheritance (hence his nickname, "Lackland"). He was almost certainly born in 1166 instead of 1167, as is sometimes claimed. King Henry and Queen Eleanor were not together nine months prior to December 1167, but they were together in March 1166. Also, John was born at Oxford on or near Christmas, but Eleanor and Henry spent Christmas 1167 in Normandy. The canon of Laon, writing a century later, states John was named after Saint John the Baptist, on whose feast day (December 27) he was born. Ralph of Diceto also states that John was born in 1166, and that Queen Eleanor named him.
His family life was tumultuous, with his older brothers all involved in rebellions against King Henry. His mother, Queen Eleanor was imprisoned in 1173, when John was a small boy. Gerald of Wales relates that King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of it's chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for it's chance to strike. When asked the meaning of this picture, King Henry said:
"The four young ones of the eagle are my four sons, who will not cease persecuting me even unto death. And the youngest, whom I now embrace with such tender affection, will someday afflict me more grievously and perilously than all the others."
In 1189 he married Avisa, daughter and heiress of the Earl of Gloucester. (She is given several alternative names by history, including Isabella, Hawise, Joan, and Eleanor.) They had no children, and John had their marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, some time before or shortly after his accession to the throne, which took place on April 6, 1199, and she was never acknowledged as queen. (She then married Geoffrey de Mandeville as her second husband and Hubert de Burgh as her third).
Before his accession, John had already acquired a reputation for treachery, having conspired sometimes with and sometimes against his elder brothers, Henry, Geoffrey and Richard. In 1184, John and Richard both claimed that they were the rightful heir to the Aquitaine, one of many unfriendly encounters between the two. In 1185 though, John became the ruler of Ireland, whose people grew to despise him, causing John to leave after only eight months (see: John's first expedition to Ireland).
During Richard's absence on the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1194, John attempted to overthrow his designated regent, despite having been forbidden by his brother to leave France. This was one reason the older legend of Hereward the Wake was updated to King Richard's reign, with "Prince John" as the ultimate villain and with the hero now called "Robin Hood". However, on his return to England in 1194, Richard forgave John and named him as his heir.
[edit]
Reign
On Richard's death, John did not gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the posthumous son of John's brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by John's forces. According to the Margram Annals, on April 3, 1203:
"After King John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen... when [John] was drunk and possessed by the devil he slew [Arthur] with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine."
Besides Arthur, John also captured his niece Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany. Eleanor remained a prisoner the rest of her life (which ended in 1241); through deeds such as these, John acquired a reputation for ruthlessness.
In the meantime, John had remarried, on August 24, 1200, Isabelle of Angoulême, who was twenty years his junior. She was the daughter of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angouleme. John had kidnapped her from her fiancée, Hugh IX of Lusignan. Isabelle eventually produced five children, including two sons (Henry and Richard), Joan, Isabella and Eleanor.
In 1205 John married off his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great, building an alliance in the hope of keeping peace within England and Wales so that he could recover his French lands. The French king had declared most of these forfeit in 1204, leaving John only Gascony in the southwest.
John is given a great talent for lechery by the chroniclers of his age, and even allowing some embellishment, he did have many illegitimate children. Matthew Paris accuses him of being envious of many of his barons and kinsfolk, and seducing their more attractive daughters and sisters. Roger of Wendover describes an incident that occurred when John became enamoured with Margaret, the wife of Eustace de Vesci and an illegitimate daughter of King William I of Scotland. Her husband substituted a prostitute in her place when the king came to Margaret's bed in the dark of night; the next morning when John boasted to Vesci of how good his wife was in bed, Vesci confessed and fled.
Besides Joan, the wife of Llywelyn Fawr, his bastard daughter by a woman named Clemence, John had a son named Richard Fitz Roy by his first cousin, a daughter of his uncle Hamelin de Warenne. By another mistress, Hawise, John had Oliver FitzRoy, who accompanied the papal legate Pelayo to Damietta in 1218, and never returned. By unknown mistress (or mistresses) John fathered: Geoffrey FitzRoy, who went on expedition to Poitou in 1205 and died there; John FitzRoy, a clerk in 1201; Henry FitzRoy, who died in 1245; Osbert Gifford, who was given lands in Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex and is last found alive in 1216; Eudes FitzRoy, who accompanied his half-brother Richard on Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1241; Bartholomew FitzRoy, a member of the order of Friars Preachers; and Maud FitzRoy, Abbess of Barking, who died in 1252.
As far as the administration of his kingdom went, John functioned as an efficient ruler, but he won the disapproval of the English barons by taxing them in ways that were outside those traditionally allowed by feudal overlords. The tax known as scutage, a penalty for those who failed to supply military resources, became particularly unpopular.
When Hubert Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III. The monks of Christ Church chapter in Canterbury claimed the sole right to elect Hubert's successor, but both the English bishops and the King had an interest in the choice of successor to this powerful office. When their dispute could not be settled, the monks secretly elected one of their members as Archbishop and later a second election imposed by John resulted in another candidate. When they both appeared at Rome, Innocent disavowed both elections and his candidate, Stephen Langton was elected over the objections of John's observers. This action by Innocent disregarded the king's rights in selection of his own vassals. John was supported in his position by the English barons and many of the English bishops and refused to accept Stephen Langton.
John expelled the Canterbury monks in July 1207 and the Pope ordered an interdict against the kingdom. John immediately retaliated by seizure of church property for failure to provide feudal service and the fight was on. The pious of England were theoretically left without the comforts of the church, but over a period they became used to it and the pope realising that too long a period without church services could lead to loss of faith, gave permission for some churches to hold mass behind closed doors in 1209 and in 1212 allowed last rites to the dying. It seems that the church in England quietly continued some services and while the interdict was a burden to many, it did not result in rebellion against John.
In November of 1209 John himself was excommunicated and in February 1213 Innocent threatened stronger measures unless John submitted. The papal terms for submission were accepted and in addition John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to God and the Saints Peter and Paul for a feudal service of 1000 marks annually, 700 for England and 300 for Ireland. With this submission, John gained the valuable support of his papal overlord in his dispute with the English barons, some of whom rebelled against him after he was excommunicated.
Having successfully put down the Welsh Uprising of 1211 and settling his dispute with the papacy, John turned his attentions back to his overseas interests. The European wars culminated in defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, which forced the king to accept an unfavourable peace with France. This finally turned the barons against him, and he met their leaders at Runnymede, near London, on June 15, 1215, to sign the Great Charter called, in Latin, Magna Carta. Because he had signed under duress, however, John received approval from his overlord the Pope to break his word as soon as hostilities had ceased, provoking the First Barons' War.
[edit]
Death
In 1216, John, retreating from an invasion by Prince Louis of France (whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne), crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and lost his most valuable treasures, including the Crown Jewels as a result of the unexpected incoming tide. This dealt him a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind, and he succumbed to dysentery, dying on October 18 or October 19, 1216, at Newark in Lincolnshire*. Numerous, if fictitious, accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale or poisoned plums. He lies buried in Worcester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year-old son succeeded him and became King Henry III of England, and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217.
*Footnote: Newark now lies within the County of Nottinghamshire, close to its long boundary with Lincolnshire.
[edit]
Alleged illiteracy
For a long time, school children have learned that King John had to approve Magna Carta by attaching his seal to it because he could not sign it, lacking the ability to read or write. This textbook inaccuracy resembled that of textbooks which claimed that Christopher Columbus wanted to prove the earth was round. Whether the original authors of these errors knew better and oversimplified because they wrote for children, or whether they had been misinformed themselves, as a result generations of adults remembered mainly two things about "wicked King John", both of them wrong. (The other "fact" was that, if Robin Hood had not stepped in, Prince John would have embezzled the money raised to ransom King Richard. The fact is that Prince John did embezzle the ransom money, by creating forged seals, and Robin Hood may or may not have had any historical reality.)
In fact, King John did sign the draft of the Charter that the negotiating parties hammered out in the tent on Charter Island at Runnymede on 15-18 June 1215, but it took the clerks and scribes working in the royal offices some time after everyone went home to prepare the final copies, which they then sealed and delivered to the appropriate officials. In those days, legal documents were sealed to make them official, not signed. (Even today, many legal documents are not considered effective without the seal of a notary public or corporate official, and printed legal forms such as deeds say "L.S." next to the signature lines. That stands for the Latin locus signilli ("place of the seal"), signifying that the signer has used a signature as a substitute for a seal.) When William the Conqueror (and his wife) signed the Accord of Winchester (Image) in 1072, for example, they and all the bishops signed with crosses, as illiterate people would later do, but they did so in accordance with current legal practice, not because the bishops could not write their own names.
Henry II had at first intended that his son Prince John receive an education to go into the Church, which would have meant Henry did not have to give him any land, but in 1171 Henry began negotiations to betroth John to the daughter of Count Humbert III of Savoy (who had no son yet and so wanted a son-in-law), and after that, talk of making John a churchman ceased. John's parents had both received a good education-Henry II spoke some half dozen languages, and Eleanor of Aquitaine had attended lectures at what would soon become the University of Paris-in addition to what they had learned of law and government, religion, and literature. John himself had received one of the best educations of any king of England. Some of the books the records show he read included: De Sacramentis Christianae Fidei by Hugh of St. Victor, Sentences by Peter Lombard, The Treatise of Origen, and a history of England-potentially Wace's Roman de Brut, based on Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.
[edit]
Notes
According to records of payment made to King John's bath attendant, William Aquarius, the king bathed on average about once every three weeks, which cost a considerable sum of 5d to 6d each, suggesting an elaborate and ceremonial affair. Although this may seem barbaric by modern standards, it was civilised compared to monks who were expected to bathe three times a year, with the right not to bathe at all if they so chose. By contrast, King John dressed very well in coats made of fur from sable and ermine and other exotic furs such as polar bear.

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Micheal Call, Chart 301 - # 1

SURNAME: Also shown as England

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as John "Lackland" King Of

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 24 Dec 1166

DEATH: Also shown as Died , Newark, Nottinghamshire, England.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Worcester, Cathedral.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: King Of England John Plantagenet

John married De Taillefer, Queen of England Isabella 24 Aug 1200, , Bordeaux, Gironde, France. Isabella (daughter of Taillefer, Count of Angouleme Aymer and Capet, Cts/Ang Alice) was born 1188, Angoulême, Charente, Poitou-Charentes, France; died 31 May 1245/1246, Fontevrault, Fontevrault L'Ab, Maine-et-loire, France; was buried Jun 1246, Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, Department De Maine-et-Loire, Pays De La Loire, FRANCE. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ5-XC
• Clan Name: House of Plantagenet
• Clan Name: House of Taillefer
• TITL: Queen Of England
• Title of Nobility: Countess of Mortain, Gloucester
• Title of Nobility: Queen Of England, Countess of Angouleme
• _FSFTID: 9H8N-PGT
• _UID: 58BEFABCB0D0E74EB1395499B40DB57F4DBA
• _UID: 8D6DF4423EE5194BA35E364013228AE1CE16
• _UID: F794AE3D8780F142869429C7FE6CEF8598FD
• Noble Family: 1188; House of Taillefer(Birth)
• Noble Family: 1200; House of Plantagenet(Marriage)
• Title of Nobility: Between 1200 and 1216; reine, d'Angleterre
• Married: 24 Aug 1200; Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France
• Acceded: 8 Oct 1200, Westminster Abbey, London, England
• Note 1: 9 Oct 1200, Crowned Queen of England

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Isabella of Angouleme

DEATH: Also shown as Died Fibtevraykt Abbetm Frbtevrayktm Naube et, France.

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Micheal Call, Chart 302 - # 1

PREFIX: Also shown as Queen/Eng

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Abt 1180, Angouleme, Charente, France.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Fontevraud.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Fontevraud Abbey.

Notes:

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married Bordeaux.

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married 26 Aug 1200

Other Events:

• _UID: 2ACD2BEA24C91749B0E48F37A226B1FC282A
• _UID: 3945C5ACD3B6284D875B63BE3A5FA3638F83

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

SURNAME: Also shown as Berenger

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Raymond V

Ramón — de Savoy, Beatrice. Beatrice (daughter of De Maurienne, Count Of Savoy Thomas I and Faucigny, Beatrix) died 1266. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _UID: 5E7350C97D9524448E4F0B25EF3E24A56738
• _UID: 7D30141CF13DF946BEC9A03B41B9813259F8

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

SURNAME: Also shown as De Savoie

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Beatice

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ5-8W
• _UID: 5EEDDB1DFC8F2C41B201E4D16FECDB421BA8
• _UID: CA21D5AA5659A24AB3B51358707081E21B49

Notes:

Alfonso IX of León (August 15, 1171 - September 23 or 24, 1230; ruled from 1188-1230), first cousin of Alfonso VIII of Castile, and numbered next to him as being a junior member of the family, is said by Ibn Khaldun to have been called the Baboso or "Slobberer", because he was subject to fits of rage during which he foamed at the mouth.
Alfonso was the only son of King Ferdinand II of Leon and Urraca of Portugal. Though he took a part in the work of the reconquest, this king is chiefly remembered by the difficulties into which his successive marriages led him with the pope. He was first married in 1191 to his cousin Teresa of Portugal, who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young.
The marriage was declared null by the pope, to whom Alfonso paid no attention till he was presumably tired of his wife. It cannot have been his conscience which constrained him to leave Teresa, for his next step was to marry Berenguela of Castile in 1197, who was his second cousin. For this act of contumacy the king and kingdom were placed under interdict.
The pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that if the people could not obtain the services of religion they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy. Berenguela left him after the birth of five children, and the king then returned to Teresa, to whose daughters he left his kingdom by will.
Alfonso's children were:
1. Fernando, died 1214
2. Sancha (c.1195-before 1243)
3. Dulce (1194-after 1243)
4. King Fernando III
5. Alfonso (1203-1272)
6. Berenguela, married John of Brienne
7. Constanza (1200-1242)
8. Leonor, died in infancy

King of Leon (1188-1230). In 1197 he married Berengaria. Pope Innocent II annulled the marriage in 1214 because of the family relationship of Alfonso and Berengaria. Alfonso founded the University of Salamanca and captured Caceres, Badajoz, and Merida from the Muslim Almohads.

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Michael L. Call, Chart 321 - # 2.

SURNAME: Also shown as Castile

PREFIX: Also shown as King Of Castle

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Zamora.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 1166/1173

DEATH: Also shown as Died Villanueva de Sarria.

Alfonso married Queen of Castile and Toledo Berengaria 17 Nov 1197, , , , Spain; divorced Yes, date unknown. Berengaria (daughter of De Castille, King of Castile / King of Toledo Alfonso VIII and Angevin, Queen/Castile Eleanor) was born Jun 1180, Burgos, Castille and Leon, España; died 8 Nov 1246, Las Huelgas, Castille and Leon, Spain. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ4-Q6
• _UID: 42C7F320F305D94CA377FA934E99ECB26515
• _UID: A2D23BAACAEF0249ADB1A8EEC81F78590947
• Death: 1245/1246, Castile, Spain

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

PREFIX: Also shown as Queen Of Leon

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 1171/1181, , , Castile, Spain.

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XPW-R2
• Title of Nobility: COUNT OF AUMALE & PONTHIEU
• _FSFTID: 9ZZ9-F5K
• _UID: 4DDC9553FDB2084AB041FC00D85FE646623B

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

Simon married Countess of Ponthieu Maria Sep 1208, Aumale, S., France. Maria (daughter of Ponthieu, William III and Capet, Princess of France Alix, daughter of Ponthieu, William III and Capet, Alice) was born 1186, AUMALE, Seine Maritime, France; died 1251, Spain. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 9G4S-76
• _FSFTID: K2JK-695
• _UID: 5E2C10D74E17EE48AA51A40F4360826746F9
• _UID: 9836380FF5B5F849A7076E88BB854D2152DC

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Marie Countess of

BIRTH: Also shown as Born of, AUMALE, Seine-Maritime, France.

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Name - Description: Marie ( Jeanne) Countess Of PONTHIEU & MONTREUIL

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Birth - Date: 17 Apr 1199 Place: Of, Aumale, Normandie

FamilySearch showed this additional information:
Death - Date: Sep 1250 Place: , Normandie