Other Events:

• AFN: 8XHQ-DT
• Comment 1: Founded Order of the Garter at Windsor
• _FSFTID: 93MZ-K5L
• _UID: 596487B0AE6B7047B51ED29832B328E4F2D1
• _UID: FAE868BEBBF95F459FD84280A127E877C054
• Baptism: 18 Nov 1312, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
• Earl Of Chester: 1320
• Duke of Aquitaine: 1325
• Coronation: 1 Feb 1327, Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England; King of England
• Occupation: 1 Feb 1327, at age 14, after his father was deposed by his mother and her lover Roger Mortimer; Coronation
• Treaty of Northamp: 1328
• Battle of sluys: 1340, Edward Present At Battle- French Fleet Destroyed
• Battle of Nevilles Cross: Oct 1346, Won Captured David II
• Battle of Poitiers: 1356, Captured King John II
• Title of Nobility: 25 January 1327-21 June 1377, His 50-year reign was the second longest in medieval England and saw vital developments in legislation and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death.; King of England

Notes:

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Edward Iii King Of

DEATH: Also shown as Died Sheen Palace.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminsterabbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

Edward married Avesnes, Queen consort of England Philippa 24 Jan 1328, York Minster, York, Yorkshire, England. Philippa (daughter of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut William I and Valois, Joan) was born 24 Jun 1311, of, Mons, Hainault, Belgium; died 14 Aug 1369, Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England; was buried Aug 1369, Westminister Abbey, Westminister, City Of Westminster, Greator London, ENGLAND. [Group Sheet]

Notes:

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married York Minster.

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married 24 Jan 1327

1. Plantagenet, Prince of Wales Edward was born 15 Jun 1330, Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England; died 8 Jun 1376, Westminster, Palace, London, England; was buried 29 Sep 1376, Canterbury, Cathedral, London, England.
2. Plantagenet, Princess Of England Isabel was born 16 Jun 1332, Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England; died Bef 4 May 1379; was buried , Grey Friars, Newgate, Middlesex, England.
3. Plantagenet, Princess Of England Joan was born Feb 1334/1335, Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England; died 2 Sep 1348.
4. Plantagenet, Prince Of England William was born Bef 16 Feb 1336/1337, , Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England; died Bef 8 Jul 1337.
5. Plantagenet, Prince of England Lionel was born 29 Nov 1338, , Anvers, Anvers, Belgium; died 17 Oct 1368, , Alba, Cuneo, Italy; was buried , Augustine Friars, Clare, Suffolk, England.
6. Lancaster, Duke of Lancaster John was born 24 Jun 1340, Abbaye Destbavon, GAND, Flandreorientale, Belgium; died 3 Feb 1399, Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England; was buried 15 Mar 1399, St Paul's Cathed, London, Middlesex, England.
7. Plantagenet, Prince Of England Edmund was born 5 Jun 1341, , King's Langley, Hertfordshire, England; died 1 Aug 1402, , Langley, Hertfordshire, England; was buried , Dominicans, Langley, Hertfordshire, England.
8. Plantagenet, Princess Of England Blanche was born Mar 1342/1343, Tower Of London, London, Middlesex, England; died Mar 1342/1343.
9. Plantagenet, Princess Of England Mary was born 10 Oct 1344, , Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, England; died 1361/1362, Sp; was buried , Abbey Church, Abingdon, Berkshire, England.
10. Plantagenet, Princess Of England Margaret was born 20 Jul 1346, , Windsor, Berkshire, England; died Aft 1 Oct 1361, Sp; was buried , Abbey Church, Abingdon, Berkshire, England.
11. Plantagenet, Prince of England William was born Bef 24 Jun 1348, , Windsor, Berkshire, England; was buried 5 Sep 1348.
12. Plantagenet, Prince/England Thomas was born 7 Jan 1354/1355, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England; died 9 Sep 1397, Calais, Pas-de-Calais, France, France; was buried , St. Edmunds, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

Other Events:

• AFN: 8WKN-JD
• scholastic-achievement: Murdered At Berkeley Castle
• Title of Nobility: King of England
• Occupation: 1st Prince of Wales
• Occupation: King of England 1307-1327
• _FSFTID: KNB1-NHB
• _UID: 08470D16601DC24288116BDC0D5E737D2E58
• _UID: 7F83BCDB0CDB9B4B9259AD3569AF1254B1ED
• _UID: E3E32CADC3DE894B898EB2FC2BC93AE2E9F8
• Baptism: 1301, Wales - 1st Prince of Wales
• Title of Nobility: 25 Feb 1308, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom; King of England
• Childhood: 13 Nov 1312, Edward III, Windsor Castle, Eng
• Alt.+Burial: 20 Dec 1327, Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucestershire, England
• Baptism: 8 Feb 1930

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Edward Ii King Of

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Carnarvon Castle, Caernarvonshire, Wales.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Gloucester, Cathedral.

Edward married Capet, Princess Of France Isabelle 25 Jan 1308, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. Isabelle was born 15 Mar 1292, Orleans, Bourgogne, France; died 22 Aug 1358, Hereford, Herefordshire, England; was buried 17 Nov 1358, London Christ Church Greyfriars Newgate, London, England, United Kingdom. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJD-8V
• Title of Nobility: Princess of France
• Residence: arrived in England at the age of 12 during a period of growing conflict between the king and the powerful baronial factions
• Residence: castle, Castle Rising, Norfolk, England
• _FSFTID: L41C-L2Q
• _UID: CC5A80B8DECF0E49AC785B1FD61D8E810279
• _UID: FC1B424BB9461C4FBFD4EB58B95E5178C463
• Treaty of Guienne: 1303, France
• Title of Nobility: 25 Jan 1308, England, United Kingdom; Queen consort of England
• Coronation: 25 Feb 1308, England
• Title of Nobility: 25 January 1308-20 January 1327; Queen Consort of England
• Baptism: 7 Jan 1933
• Baptism: 7 Jan 1933, ARIZO

Notes:

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Isabella of France

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Paris.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Castle Rising, Norfolk, England.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Grey Friars, London, Middlesex, England.

Notes:

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married Bolongne.

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married 22 Jan 1307/1308

Other Events:

• AFN: 8WKN-4B
• Title of Nobility: King of England
• _FSFTID: L8MJ-ZLD
• _UID: 708EE7D784960A4FAD7B50272642498E0D92
• _UID: A1E0A18FDD12C040AACDC7752E98FD9BB116
• Baptism: 22 Jun 1239, , Westminster, Middlesex, England

Notes:

Edward I, called Longshanks (1239-1307), king of England (1272-1307), of the house of Plantagenet. He was born in Westminster on June 17, 1239, the eldest son of King Henry III, and at 15 married Eleanor of Castile. In the struggles of the barons against the crown for constitutional and ecclesiastical reforms, Edward took a vacillating course. When warfare broke out between the crown and the nobility, Edward fought on the side of the king, winning the decisive battle of Evesham in 1265. Five years later he left England to join the Seventh Crusade. Following his father's death in 1272, and while he was still abroad, Edward was recognized as king by the English barons; in 1273, on his return to England, he was crowned.
The first years of Edward's reign were a period of the consolidation of his power. He suppressed corruption in the administration of justice and passed legislation allowing feudal barons and the crown to collect revenues from properties willed to the church.
On the refusal of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Wales, to submit to the English crown, Edward began the military conflict that resulted, in 1284, in the annexation of Llewelyn's principality to the English crown. In 1290 Edward expelled all Jews from England. War between England and France broke out in 1293 as a result of the efforts of France to curb Edward's power in Gascony. Edward lost Gascony in 1293 and did not again come into possession of the duchy until 1303. About the same year in which he lost Gascony, the Welsh rose in rebellion.
Greater than either of these problems was the disaffection of the people of Scotland. In agreeing to arbitrate among the claimants to the Scottish throne, Edward, in 1291, had exacted as a prior condition the recognition by all concerned of his overlordship of Scotland. The Scots later repudiated him and made an alliance with France against England. To meet the critical situations in Wales and Scotland, Edward summoned a parliament, called the Model Parliament by historians because it was a representative body and in that respect was the forerunner of all future parliaments. Assured by Parliament of support at home, Edward took the field and suppressed the Welsh insurrection. In 1296, after invading and conquering Scotland, he declared himself king of that realm. In 1298 he again invaded Scotland to suppress the revolt led by Sir William Wallace. In winning the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, Edward achieved the greatest military triumph of his career, but he failed to crush Scottish opposition.
The conquest of Scotland became the ruling passion of his life. He was, however, compelled by the nobles, clergy, and commons to desist in his attempts to raise by arbitrary taxes the funds he needed for campaigns. In 1299 Edward made peace with France and married Margaret, sister of King Philip III of France. Thus freed of war, he again undertook the conquest of Scotland in 1303. Wallace was captured and executed in 1305. No sooner had Edward established his government in Scotland, however, than a new revolt broke out and culminated in the coronation of Robert Bruce as king of Scotland. In 1307 Edward set out for the third time to subdue the Scots, but he died en route near Carlisle on July 7, 1307.



"Edward I," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

King Edward I of England (June 17, 1239 - July 7, 1307), popularly known as "Longshanks" because of his 6 foot 2 inch frame and the "Hammer of the Scots" (his tombstone, in Latin, read, Hic est Edwardvs Primus Scottorum Malleus, "Here lies Edward I, Hammer of the Scots"), achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who kept Scotland under English domination. He reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on November 21, 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III of England.
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on June 17 or 18, 1239. He married twice; his first marriage - to Eleanor of Castile - produced sixteen children, and her death in 1290 affected Edward deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortege stopped for the night. His second marriage - to Marguerite of France (known as the "Pearl of France" by her English subjects), the daughter of King Philippe III of France (Phillip the Bold) and Maria of Brabant - produced a further three children.
Edward's character greatly contrasted that of his father, who reigned in England throughout Edward's childhood and consistently tended to favour compromise with his opponents. Edward had already shown himself as an ambitious and impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess in defeating Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. He gained a reputation for treating rebels and other foes with great savagery. He relentlessly pursued the surviving members of the de Montfort family, his cousins. In 1270 he travelled to Tunis, intending to fight in the Eighth Crusade alongside Louis IX of France, who died before Edward arrived; Edward instead travelled to Acre, in the Ninth Crusade. While in the Holy Land his father died; Edward arrived back in England in 1274.
One of Edward's early achievements was the conquest of Wales. Under the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, Llewelyn ap Gruffydd (Meaning 'Like a Lion') had extended Welsh territories southwards into what had been the lands of the English Marcher lords, and gained the title of Prince of Wales although he still owed homage to the English monarch as overlord. Edward refused to recognise the Treaty which had been concluded by his father. In 1275, pirates in Edward's pay intercepted a ship carrying Eleanor de Montfort, Simon de Montfort's only daughter, from France (where her family had lived in exile) to Wales, where she expected to marry Llywelyn the Last, then ruler of the principality The parties' families had arranged the marriage previously, when an alliance with Simon de Montfort still counted politically. However, Llywelyn wanted the marriage largely to antagonise his long-standing enemy, Edward. With the hijacking of the ship, Edward gained possession of Eleanor and imprisoned her at Windsor. After Llywelyn repeatedly refused to pay homage to Edward in 1274-5, Edward raised an army and launched his first campaign against the Welsh prince in 1276-77. After this campaign Llywelyn was forced to pay homage to Edward and was stripped of all but a rump of territory in Gwynedd. But Edward allowed Llywelyn to retain the title of Prince of Wales, and the marriage with Eleanor de Montfort went ahead.
However, Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282. Llywelyn died shortly afterwards in a skirmish. Subsequently, Edward destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing, brutally torturing and executing Dafydd in the following year. To consolidate his conquest, he commenced the construction of a string of massive stone castles encircling the principality, of which Caernarfon Castle provides a notable surviving example. Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and in 1301 Edward created his eldest son Edward Prince of Wales, since which time the eldest son of each English monarch has borne the same title.
To finance his war to conquer Wales, Edward I taxed the Jewish moneylenders. However, the cost of Edward's ambitions soon drained the money-lenders dry. Anti-Semitism, a long-existing attitude, increased substantially, and when the Jews could no longer pay, the state accused them of disloyalty. Already restricted to a limited number of occupations, the Jews saw Edward abolish their right to lend money. After the manner of racism, anti-semitic feeling grew, until the King decreed the Jews a threat to the country and restricted their movements and activities. Edward decreed that all Jews must wear a yellow patch in the shape of a star attached to their outer clothing to identify them in public, an idea Adolf Hitler would echo 650 years later (compare Star of David, Yellow badge).
In the course of King Edward's persecution of the Jews, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households. The authorities took over 300 of them to the Tower of London and executed them, while killing others in their homes. Finally, in 1290, the King banished all Jews from the country.
Edward then turned his attentions to Scotland and on May 10, 1291 Scottish nobles recognised the authority of Edward I. He had planned to marry off his son to the child queen, Margaret of Scotland (Called 'The Maid of Norway') but when Margaret died the Scottish nobles agreed to have Edward select her successor from the various claimants to the throne, and he chose John Balliol over other candidates. Edward was anxious to impose his overlordship on Scotland and hoped that John Balliol would prove the most biddable candidate. Indeed, Edward summoned John Balliol to do homage to him in Westminster in 1293 and made it clear he expected John's military and financial support against France. But this was too much for Balliol, who concluded a pact with France and prepared an army to invade England.
Edward gathered his largest army yet and razed Berwick, massacring its inhabitants, proceeding to Dunbar and Edinburgh. The Stone of Destiny was removed from Scone Palace and taken to Westminster Abbey. Until 1996, it formed the seat on King Edward's Chair, on which all English monarchs since 1308 have been crowned, with the exception of Mary I. In 1996, the stone was returned to Scotland, to return only during royal coronations. Balliol renounced the crown and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years before withdrawing to his estates in France. All freeholders in Scotland were required to swear an oath of homage to Edward, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English Viceroys.
Opposition sprang up (see Wars of Scottish Independence), and Edward executed the focus of discontent, William Wallace, on August 23, 1305, having earlier defeated him at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). His plan to unite the two countries never came to fruition in his era, and he died in 1307 at Burgh by Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots, energized by Wallace's martyrdom and under the leadership of Robert the Bruce. Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey. His son, King Edward II of England, succeeded him.
King Edward I is villainously depicted in the film Braveheart.

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Edward I King Of

SUFFIX: Also shown as [Longshank]

DEATH: Also shown as Died Near Carlisle.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminster Abbe, London, England.

Edward married Ivrea, Queen of England Eleanor 18 Oct 1254, Burgos, Burgos, Castilla-Leon, Spain. Eleanor (daughter of Ivrea, King of Castile Ferdinand III and De Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu Joana, daughter of Castile, King Of Caslte Ferdinand III and De Dammartin, Queen/Castile Joana) was born 1244, of, Burgos, Castile, Spain; died 24 Nov 1290, , Herdeby, Lincolnshire, England; was buried 16 Dec 1290, Westminster, Abbey, London, England. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ8-HJ
• Religion: Roman Catholic
• _FSFTID: L8MJ-ZL1
• _UID: 2F90A6D43831A6438488BDD0EA98FE0AAE96
• _UID: 4DC26152915E24409CA7CA0F73DE8FC1D2E1

Notes:

Eleanor of Castile (1241 - 28 November 1290) was the first queen consort of Edward I of England. Eleanor was born in Castile, Spain, the daughter of Fernando III, King of Castile and Leon and his second wife, Jeanne, Countess of Ponthieu. Her given name was Leonor (she was called Eleanor in England). Her birthdate is not certainly known, but it is known that she was the second of the three children born to Fernando and Jeanne. Her elder brother Fernando was born 1239/40 and her younger brother Luis was born 1242/43. For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers appear, each candle commemorating one year of her life. This would place her birth in 1241.
She married Edward, the son of Henry III of England, in October 1254 at Burgos and became queen in 1272 when his father died and he became king. Theirs was one of the most successful royal marriages of all time, and she often accompanied her husband on his military campaigns, giving birth to his fourth son (later King Edward II of England) at Caernarfon in 1284, immediately after the conquest of Wales. She gave birth to sixteen children all told, six of whom survived into adulthood, but only two or three of whom outlived their parents.
Eleanor is remembered warmly by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time. Her English subjects considered her to be too foreign and greedy. Walter of Guisborough preserves the following poem:
"The king desires to get our gold/the queen, our manors fair to hold..."
She and Edward seemed to have been more devoted to one another than to their offspring. Their daughter Joan was left to be raised by her grandmother in Ponthieu for much of her childhood. When their son Henry lay dying at Guildford, neither of his royal parents undertook the short journey from London to see him.
Eleanor died on November 28, 1290, at Nottingham (believed actually Harby, Nottinghamshire rather than the city), and her body was returned to London for burial at Westminster Abbey. Such was Edward's devotion to her that he erected memorial crosses at each overnight stop. Three of these "Eleanor crosses" are still landmarks today, although the most famous at Charing Cross (from which its name derives) is a copy. He did not remarry for nine years, to Marguerite of France, in 1299.
The locations of the 12 crosses were as follows: Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing.
[edit]
Children of Queen Eleanor and King Edward I
1. Daughter, stillborn in May 1255 in Bordeaux, France.
2. Katherine, living June 17 1264, died September 5 1264 and buried at Westminster Abbey.
3. Eleanor, born 18 June 1264 and died 12 October 1297. She married (1) Alfonso III of Aragon, (2) Count Henry III of Bar.
4. Joan, born January 1265, buried at Westminster Abbey before September 7 1265.
5. John, born July 13 1266, died August 3 1271 at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Buried at Westminster Abbey.
6. Henry, born before May 6 1268, died October 16 1274.
7. Daughter, born May 1271 in Palestine and died before September 1271.
8. Joan of Acre born May 1271 and died April 7 1307. She married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, (2) Ralph Morthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer.
9. Alphonso, Earl of Chester, born 24 November 1273, died 19 August 1284, buried in Westminster Abbey
10. Margaret, born March 15 1275 and died after 1333. She married John II of Brabant.
11. Berengaria, born 1 May 1276 and died before June 27 1278, buried in Westminster Abbey.
12. Daughter, died shortly after birth, January 1278.
13. Mary, born 11 March 1279 and died 29 May 1332, a nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire (England).
14. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, born August 1281 at Rhuddlan, died 5 May 1316. She married (1) John I, Count of Holland, (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford & 3rd Earl of Essex
15. Edward of Caernavon, born 25 April 1284 at Caernarvon, died 21 September 1327. He married Isabella of France

SURNAME: Also shown as Plantagenet

PREFIX: Also shown as Prs/Castile

DEATH: Also shown as Died Herdeby, Near Grantham, Lincolnshire.

DEATH: Also shown as Died 29 Nov 1290

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminster Abbe, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

Notes:

MARRIAGE: Also shown as Married Las Huelgas.

Other Events:

• AFN: 8XJ5-ZJ
• _UID: A7B3D5FDB06434438C2AAA1BB7368B86307E
• _UID: BA7CF2F71A93B949824D365703EB700088CE
• _UID: C087CBB9D2598A4791DA1947C9E7406DEF33
• Birth: 10 Oct 1207, Winchester, Hampshire, England

Notes:

Henry III (of England) (1207-1272), king of England (1216-1272), son and successor of King John (Lackland), and a member of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. Henry ascended the throne at the age of nine, on the death of his father. During his minority the kingdom was ruled by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, as regent, but after his death in 1219 the justiciar Hubert de Burgh was the chief power in the government. During the regency the French, who occupied much of eastern England, were expelled, and rebellious barons were subdued.
Henry was declared of age in 1227. In 1232 he dismissed Hubert de Burgh from his court and commenced ruling without the aid of ministers. Henry displeased the barons by filling government and church offices with foreign favorites, many of them relatives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, whom he married in 1236, and by squandering money on Continental wars, especially in France. In order to secure the throne of Sicily for one of his sons, Henry agreed to pay the pope a large sum. When the king requested money from the barons to pay his debt, they refused and in 1258 forced him to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, whereby he agreed to share his power with a council of barons. Henry soon repudiated his oath, however, with papal approval. After a brief period of war, the matter was referred to the arbitration of Louis IX, king of France, who decided in Henry's favor in a judgment called the Mise of Amiens (1264). Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, accordingly led the barons into war, defeated Henry at Lewes, and took him prisoner. In 1265, however, Henry's son and heir, Edward, later King Edward I, led the royal troops to victory over the barons at Evesham, about 40.2 km (about 25 mi) south of Birmingham. Simon de Montfort was killed in the battle, and the barons agreed to a compromise with Edward and his party in 1267. From that time on Edward ruled England, and when Henry died, he succeeded him as king.



"Henry III (of England)," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Henry III (October 1, 1207 - November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. He was also the first child monarch in English royal history.
He was born in 1207, the son of King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme. According to Nicholas Trevet, Henry was a thickset man of medium height, with a narrow forehead and a drooping left eyelid (inherited by his son, Edward I).
On John's death, Henry, aged nine, was hastily crowned in Gloucester, as the barons who had been supporting the invasion of Prince Louis of France in order to ensure John's deposition quickly saw the young prince as a safer option. Henry's regents immediately declared their intention to rule by Magna Carta which they did during Henry's minority. Magna Carta was reissued in 1217 as a sign of goodwill to the barons. The country was ruled by regents until 1227.
When Henry reached majority, however, he was keen to restore royal authority, looking towards the autocratic model of the French monarchy. Henry married Eleanor of Provence and he promoted many of his French relatives to power and wealth. For instance, one Poitevin, Peter des Riveaux, held the offices of treasurer of the household, keeper of the king's wardrobe, keeper of the privy seal, and the sheriffdoms of twenty-one English counties simultaneously. Henry's tendency to govern for long periods with no publicly appointed ministers who could be held accountable for their actions and decisions did not make matters any easier. Many English barons came to see his method of governing as foreign.
Henry himself, on the other hand, was much taken with the cult of the Anglo-Saxon saint king Edward the Confessor who had been canonized in 1161. Told that St Edward dressed austerely, Henry took to doing the same and wearing only the simplest of robes. He had a mural of the saint painted in his bedchamber for inspiration before and after sleep, and, of course, he named his eldest son after him. Henry designated Westminster, where St Edward had founded the abbey, as the fixed seat of power in England and Westminster Hall duly became the greatest ceremonial space of the kingdom, where the council of nobles also met. Henry appointed French architects from Rheims for the renovation of Westminster Abbey in Gothic style, and work began at great expense in 1245. The centrepiece of Henry's renovated Westminster Abbey was to be a shrine to the confessor king, Edward.
Henry was extremely pious, and his journeys were often delayed by his insistance on hearing Mass several times a day. He took so long to arrive on a visit to the French court that his brother-in-law, King Louis IX of France, banned priests from Henry's route. On one occasion, as related by Roger of Wendover, when King Henry met with papal prelates, he said, "If [the prelates] knew how much I, in my reverence of God, am afraid of them and how unwilling I am to offend them, they would trample on me as on an old and worn-out shoe."
Henry's advancement of foreign favorites, notably his wife's Savoyard uncles and his own Lusignan half-siblings, was unpopular among his subjects and barons. He was also extravagant and avaricious; when his first child, Prince Edward was born, Henry demanded the Londoners bring him rich gifts to celebrate, and even sent back gifts that did not please him. Matthew Paris reports that some said, "God gave us this child, but the king sells him to us."
Henry's reign came to be marked by civil strife, as the English barons led by de Montfort demanded more say in the running of the kingdom. French-born Simon de Montfort had originally been one of the foreign upstarts so loathed by many as Henry's foreign councillors; after he married Henry's sister Eleanor without consulting Henry, a feud developed between the two. Their relationship reached a crisis in the 1250s when de Montfort was put on trial for actions he took as lieutenant of Gascony, the last remaining Plantagenet land across the English Channel.
Henry also became embroiled in funding a war in Sicily on behalf of the Pope in return for a title for his second son Edmund, a state of affairs which made many barons fearful that Henry was following in the footsteps of his father and needed to be keeped in check, just as King John had. De Montfort became leader of those who wanted to reassert Magna Carta and force the king to surrender more power to the baronial council. In 1258 seven leading barons forced Henry to agree to the Provisions of Oxford which effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen barons to deal with the business of government and providing for a three yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance.
Henry was forced to take part in the swearing of a collective oath to the Provisions of Oxford. In the following years, those supporting de Montfort and those supporting the king grew more and more polarised; Henry obtained a papal bull in 1261 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies, the Royalists under Edward Longshanks, Henry's eldest son. Civil War (known as the Second Barons' War) followed.
The charismatic de Montfort and his forces had captured most of southeastern England by 1263 and at the Battle of Lewes on May 14, 1264, Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by de Montfort's army. While Henry was reduced to a figurehead king, de Montfort broadened representation to include each county of England and many important towns - i.e. to groups beyond the nobility. Henry and Edward continued under house arrest. The short period which followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy until the Commonwealth period of 1649-1660, and many of the barons who had initially supported de Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal.
But only fifteen months later Edward Longshanks had escaped captivity to lead the royalists into battle again, and turned the tables on de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Following this victory savage retribution was exacted on the rebels.
Henry's shrine to Edward the Confessor was finally finished in 1269 and the saint's relics were installed. From about 1270, Henry effectively gave up the reins of government to his son. He died in 1272 and his body was lain temporarily in the tomb of the Confessor while his own sarcophagus was constructed in Westminster Abbey.
Henry was succeded by his son, Edward I of England.
In the Divine Comedy Dante sees Henry ("the king of simple life") sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with other contemporary European rulers.
Marriage and children
Married on January 14, 1236, Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, England to Eleanor of Provence, with at least five children born:
1. Edward I (1239-1307)
2. Margaret (1240-1275), married King Alexander III of Scotland
3. Beatrice (1242-1275), married to John II, Duke of Brittany
4. Edmund Crouchback (1245-1296)
5. Katharine (1253-1257)
Note: there is reason to doubt the existence of several attributed children of Henry and Eleanor. Richard, John, and Henry are known only from a 14th century additions made to a manuscript of Flores historiarum, and are nowhere contemporaneously recorded. William is an error for the nephew of Henry's half-brother, William de Valence. Another daughter, Matilda, is found only in the Hayles abbey chronicle, alongside such other fictitious children as a son named William for King John, and a bastard son named John for King Edward I. Matilda's existence is doubtful, at best. For further details, see Margaret Howell's The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence (1992).

!or born 1 Oct 1206

Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, by Micheal Call, Chart 201 - # 8

GEN: See Historical Document.

DEATH: Also shown as Died Westminster, London, Middlesex, England.

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Westminster Abbe, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

Henry married de Provence, Queen of England Eleanor of Provence 4 Jan 1236, Canterbury, Cathedral. Eleanor (daughter of Berengue, Count of Provence Ramón IV and de Savoy, Beatrice) was born 1217, Aix-en-Provence, France; died 24 Jun 1291, Amesbury, United Kingdom; was buried , Convent Church, Amesbury. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _UID: C8770630D9A5FA429BECF0B93876CCA37C9C
• _UID: DA28002F30EE1F4B89E15D2D9CFB70F6AA63

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.

SURNAME: Also shown as Berenger

GIVEN NAMES: Also shown as Elanore of Provence

BIRTH: Also shown as Born Aix-en-Provence.

BIRTH: Also shown as Born 1223

DEATH: Also shown as Died Amesbury, Wiltshire.

DEATH: Also shown as Died 26 Jun 1291

BURIAL: Also shown as Buried Amesbury Abbey.

Other Events:

• _UID: E19AA4A7F90FF248B4765B5A8EE590DFC97A

Notes:

Fernando III called El Santo (the Saint), (1198/1199 - May 30, 1252) was a king of Castile (1217 - 1252) and Leon (1230 - 1252). He was the son of Alfonso IX and Berenguela of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII. Because his parents were first cousins, their marriage was anulled, but Fernando remained legitimized and was able to succeed his father as king.
In 1231 he united Castile and Leon permanently.
Fernando spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. He captured the towns of Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby completing the reconquest of Spain excepting Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Fernando.
He founded the University of Salamanca and the Cathedral of Burgos.
Fernando was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
[edit]
Marriages and Family
In 1219, Ferdinand married the daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia, Elizabeth, called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
1. King Alfonso X of Castile (November 23, 1221-1284)
2. Infante Fadrique (September 1223-1277), secretly executed by his brother Alfonso.
3. Infante Fernando (March 1225-1243/1248)
4. Infanta Leonor (1227-died young)
5. Infanta Berenguela, a nun at las Huelgas (1228-1288/89).
6. Infante Enrique "El Senador" (March 1230-August 1304)
7. Infante Felipe (December 1231-1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken with the beauty of Princess Christine of Norway (daughter of Haakon IV of Norway), who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
8. Infante Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233-1261)
9. Infante Juan Manuel (1234-November 1283)
10. Infanta Maria, died an infant in November 1235.
After Elizabeth died in 1235, he married Jeanne de Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
1. Infante Fernando, Count of Aumale (1239-1269)
2. Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290), wife of King Edward I of England.
3. Infante Luis (1243-1269)
4. Infante Ximen (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo.
5. Infante Juan (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Cordoba.

Ferdinand — De Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu Joana. Joana (daughter of De Dammartin, Simon and Countess of Ponthieu Maria) was born 1212, Castille, Spain; died 1279. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• _UID: 20C255019A23B14BB3DD4158BE758FA88455

Notes:

GEN: See Historical Document.